North Dakota: Will Execution Requirements

Requirements one by one

Governing law

North Dakota's will-execution rules are in the North Dakota Century Code, Title 30.1 (the Uniform
Probate Code), Chapter 30.1-08 (Wills), with a separate Uniform Electronic Wills Act at Chapter
30.1-37. The core statute is § 30.1-08-02, which sets the writing, signature, and witnesses-or-notary
rules and recognizes holographic wills; § 30.1-08-01 says who may make a will; § 30.1-08-04 is the
self-proving affidavit; § 30.1-08-05 covers who may witness; and § 30.1-08-06 is the choice-of-law
rule. North Dakota is one of the most flexible states on HOW a will may be executed — it accepts a
witnessed will, a notarized will, a handwritten will, and a fully electronic will. What it does not
have is a harmless-error rule: unlike many Uniform Probate Code states, North Dakota never adopted
UPC § 2-503, and the section number where that rule usually sits (§ 30.1-08-03) is a repealed
holographic-will provision.

Minimum age & capacity

"Any adult who is of sound mind may make a will" (§ 30.1-08-01). An adult in North Dakota is 18 or
older — the self-proving affidavit form in § 30.1-08-04 confirms the "18 years of age or older"
baseline — and there is no lower-age exception. You must also be of sound mind. The statute does not
define "sound mind"; North Dakota courts apply the familiar test: you must understand that you are
making a will, know the people who would normally receive your property (the natural objects of your
bounty), and know the general nature and extent of what you own. Capacity is judged at the moment of
signing.

Writing & signature

A North Dakota will must be in writing — or, for an electronic will, a record readable as text — and
"signed by the testator or in the testator's name by some other individual in the testator's
conscious presence and by the testator's direction" (§ 30.1-08-02(1)(b)). If you cannot sign
yourself, someone may sign for you, but only in your conscious presence, meaning you are aware it is
happening, and at your direction. There is no rule that the signature appear at the end of the
document.

Witnesses required

North Dakota gives you a choice under § 30.1-08-02(1)(c): a will may be signed either (1) "by at
least two individuals, each of whom signed within a reasonable time after" witnessing the signing or
your acknowledgment, or (2) "acknowledged by the testator before a notary public or other individual
authorized by law to take acknowledgments." In other words, two witnesses are the usual route, but a
will you acknowledge before a notary is validly executed even with no attesting witnesses. When you
do use witnesses, North Dakota uses the relaxed "reasonable time" rule — the witnesses need not all
be present at the same time and may sign somewhat later. A witness need only be "generally competent"
(§ 30.1-08-05(1)).

On interested witnesses, North Dakota uses the modern no-effect rule: a will "is not invalid because
the will is signed by an interested witness" (§ 30.1-08-05(2)). A beneficiary who also serves as a
witness keeps the gift, and the will stands. Using disinterested witnesses is still good practice,
because it removes an argument for undue influence, but it is not required for validity.

Notarization & self-proving

Notarization does two different things in North Dakota. First, a notary can take the place of the two
witnesses entirely: a will acknowledged by the testator before a notary is validly executed with no
attesting witnesses (§ 30.1-08-02(1)(c)(2)). Second, for a witnessed will, a self-proving affidavit
under § 30.1-08-04 — signed by the testator and witnesses before an officer authorized to administer
oaths — lets the will be admitted to probate without bringing the witnesses back to testify, and a
signature on that affidavit "is considered a signature affixed to the will, if necessary to prove
the will's due execution." So notarization is never required, but it is unusually useful here.

Handwritten (holographic) wills

North Dakota recognizes holographic wills. Under § 30.1-08-02(2), a will is valid "whether or not
witnessed, if the signature and material portions of the document are in the testator's handwriting."
Only the signature and the material (dispositive) provisions must be in your own hand; § 30.1-08-02(3)
lets a court use extrinsic evidence — including the non-handwritten parts — to establish that you
intended the document as your will. There is no date requirement. Be careful, though: North Dakota
courts apply the "material portions" test strictly, and a key clause that turns out to be typed or in
someone else's handwriting can defeat the whole holographic will.

Electronic & remote wills

North Dakota is one of the states that permits a fully electronic will. It enacted the Uniform
Electronic Wills Act (Chapter 30.1-37), and "an electronic will is a will for all purposes of the law
of this state" (§ 30.1-37-02). Under § 30.1-37-04, an electronic will must be a record readable as
text, signed by the testator (or a proxy in the testator's conscious presence and by direction), and
either signed by two witnesses within a reasonable time after witnessing or acknowledged before a
notary — the same witnesses-or-notary choice as a paper will. An electronic will can be made
self-proving (§ 30.1-37-06) and turned into a certified paper copy for probate (§ 30.1-37-07).

Harmless-error / curative doctrine

North Dakota has no harmless-error rule. Many Uniform Probate Code states adopted UPC § 2-503, which
lets a court treat a defective document as a valid will on clear and convincing evidence of intent.
North Dakota did not. Chapter 30.1-08 has no "writings intended as wills" section, and the section
number where that rule usually appears — § 30.1-08-03 — is a repealed holographic-will provision. So
a will that fails a required formality generally cannot be rescued in probate by showing the testator
meant it as their will. (Some online summaries incorrectly describe § 30.1-08-03 as a harmless-error
rule; it is repealed and does nothing.) North Dakota's flexibility is in its four ways to execute a
will — witnesses, notary, handwriting, or electronic — not in a rule that forgives mistakes.

What trips people up

A notary can replace the witnesses — but a notary is not automatic. North Dakota lets you
acknowledge a will before a notary instead of using two witnesses (§ 30.1-08-02(1)(c)(2)). That is a
real, valid path, but you have to actually acknowledge the will before the notary; simply having a
notary stamp a document you signed privately is not the same thing.

There is no harmless-error fix. Because North Dakota never adopted UPC § 2-503, a signing mistake
generally cannot be excused later, no matter how clear your intent. Pick one of the four valid paths —
two witnesses, a notary, a fully handwritten will, or a proper electronic will — and follow it
exactly.

A handwritten will's key terms must be in your hand. A holographic will requires the signature
and the material provisions to be handwritten (§ 30.1-08-02(2)), and North Dakota courts apply that
test strictly. A typed will you merely sign is not a holographic will — it needs witnesses or a
notary.

An electronic will has real formalities. North Dakota's electronic wills are valid, but only if
they meet § 30.1-37-04 — a readable text record, your signature, and either two witnesses or a notary.
A voice memo, a video, or a text message is not an electronic will.

Common questions

Do I need witnesses if I use a notary? No. North Dakota lets you acknowledge your will before a
notary instead of signing in front of two witnesses (§ 30.1-08-02(1)(c)(2)). Either path makes a
valid will.

Can I handwrite my own will without witnesses? Yes. North Dakota recognizes holographic wills: if
your signature and the material provisions are in your own handwriting, the will is valid with no
witnesses (§ 30.1-08-02(2)). Make sure every important term is in your own hand.

Can I sign my North Dakota will electronically? Yes. North Dakota allows a fully electronic will
under the Uniform Electronic Wills Act (§§ 30.1-37-02, 30.1-37-04): a text record you sign, witnessed
by two people or acknowledged before a notary. It can be made self-proving and printed as a certified
paper copy.

If my will has a small signing mistake, can a court still accept it? Usually no. North Dakota has
no harmless-error rule, so a will that misses a required formality generally fails, even if your
intent is clear. Get one of the valid execution paths right the first time.

Statutes and sources

• N.D.C.C. § 30.1-08-01 — who may make a will: any adult (18 or older) of sound mind.
  https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t30-1c08.pdf (accessed 2026-07-11)
• N.D.C.C. § 30.1-08-02 — execution: writing, testator's signature (or a proxy in the testator's conscious presence), and either two witnesses signing within a reasonable time OR acknowledgment before a notary; holographic wills; intent by extrinsic evidence.
  https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t30-1c08.pdf (accessed 2026-07-11)
• N.D.C.C. § 30.1-08-04 — self-proving affidavit; a signature on the affidavit counts as a signature on the will if needed to prove due execution.
  https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t30-1c08.pdf (accessed 2026-07-11)
• N.D.C.C. § 30.1-08-05 — who may witness (generally competent); an interested witness does not invalidate the will.
  https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t30-1c08.pdf (accessed 2026-07-11)
• N.D.C.C. § 30.1-08-06 — choice of law: a written will is valid if executed under § 30.1-08-02 or under the law of the place of execution or the testator's domicile.
  https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t30-1c08.pdf (accessed 2026-07-11)
• N.D.C.C. § 30.1-37-02 — an electronic will is a will for all purposes of North Dakota law (Uniform Electronic Wills Act).
  https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t30-1c37.pdf (accessed 2026-07-11)
• N.D.C.C. § 30.1-37-04 — execution of an electronic will: a readable text record, the testator's signature, and either two witnesses within a reasonable time or acknowledgment before a notary.
  https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t30-1c37.pdf (accessed 2026-07-11)