If a parent holding company spins off its New York lending business into a new New York subsidiary, keeps a bank account and books here, but is otherwise run entirely from Japan, does the parent still owe New York corporate franchise tax?

Subject

Whether Nittetsu Leasing (U.S.A.) Inc.'s proposed activities, after transferring its New York lending business to a new New York subsidiary, will subject it to the Article 9-A franchise tax on business corporations.

Plain-English summary

Nittetsu Leasing (U.S.A.) Inc., a Delaware corporation wholly owned by a Japanese parent, was engaged in lending/financing and securities investing, and was authorized to do business in New York. It planned to transfer its lending-and-financing assets to a brand-new New York subsidiary ("NL NY") in exchange for all of NL NY's stock. NL NY would run the actual lending business from a New York office with its own officers and employees. Once that happened, Nittetsu would withdraw its New York business authorization and become a purely passive investment holding company — managed entirely by nonresident-alien officers and directors in Japan, buying and selling investment securities exclusively in Japan, with no New York employees, office, telephone listing, or leased property. Nittetsu would keep a New York bank account, and NL NY employees would handle purely administrative tasks for Nittetsu (forwarding mail, confirming account balances, liaising with Nittetsu's New York lawyers/accountants) under an arm's-length service agreement — with Nittetsu's corporate books and records also kept in New York.

The Department ruled Nittetsu would not be doing business, employing capital, owning/leasing property, or maintaining an office in New York, so it would owe no Article 9-A franchise tax. The general rule: a holding company confined to owning securities of a New York-operating subsidiary, receiving/distributing income from it, and doing basic internal-management housekeeping is not "doing business" here — even with overlapping officers/directors or isolated support for the subsidiary. That would change if the parent went further, like guaranteeing or making loans to the subsidiary, or directly supervising its operations — but Nittetsu specifically would not make loans to or guarantee loans for NL NY. The bank account, recordkeeping in New York, and non-employee administrative help from NL NY all fell within statutory safe harbors under Tax Law § 209.2.

What this means for you

Foreign and out-of-state parent companies restructuring a New York operating business

Spinning off your New York-facing business into a dedicated New York subsidiary, then stepping back into a purely passive holding-company role, can take the parent outside New York's corporate franchise tax — but only if you avoid loans/guarantees to the subsidiary and any direct supervision of its day-to-day operations. Keep a bright line between the parent's true passive-investment role and the subsidiary's actual operations.

Companies keeping a bank account or books in New York after restructuring

A New York bank account, corporate recordkeeping kept here (by non-employees), and a non-employee officer/director office are each individually protected by statutory safe harbors under Tax Law § 209.2 — none of them alone creates nexus, and the ruling confirms that combining them doesn't either, as long as no other doing-business activity is present.

Accountants and tax professionals

The multi-factor "doing business" test in 20 NYCRR § 1-3.2(b)(2) — nature/continuity/frequency of NY activities, purpose of the corporation, location of offices, income sourced to NY, employment of agents/officers/employees in NY, and location of actual management/control — all pointed away from nexus here because every substantive decision and activity happened in Japan. Watch the "added features" caveat from Proctor & Gamble Co. v. Newton: if the parent starts directly operating the subsidiary's business through its own agents, the holding-company safe harbor disappears.

Common questions

Q: Does keeping a New York bank account or corporate books in New York create nexus by itself?
A: No. Tax Law § 209.2 specifically excludes maintaining bank account balances and keeping non-employee-maintained books/records in New York from "doing business," as long as the corporation isn't otherwise doing business here.

Q: What would change the answer?
A: If the parent made loans to or guaranteed loans for its New York subsidiary, or directly supervised/coordinated the subsidiary's business activities (rather than staying passive), the holding-company exemption would not apply.

Q: Can another holding company rely on this ruling?
A: No. This advisory opinion binds the Department only for the taxpayer and facts presented, and cannot be relied on by anyone else.

Citations and references

Statutes and regulations:

• Tax Law § 209.1 (Article 9-A franchise tax on doing business, employing capital, owning/leasing property, or maintaining an office in New York)
• Tax Law § 209.2 (safe harbors: bank account balances, non-employee officer/director office, non-employee-kept books/records)
• 20 NYCRR § 1-3.2(b)(1)-(2) ("doing business" defined; multi-factor test)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pubs_and_bulls/advisory_opinions/corporation_ao_1990.htm
• Opinion: https://www.tax.ny.gov/pdf/advisory_opinions/corporation/a90_5c.pdf

Original ruling text

New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

Taxpayer Services Division
Technical Services Bureau

TSB-A-90(5)C
Corporation Tax
February 8, 1990

STATE OF NEW YORK
COMMISSIONER OF TAXATION AND FINANCE
ADVISORY OPINION

PETITION NO. C891215C

On December 15, 1989 a Petition for Advisory Opinion was received from Nittetsu Leasing
(U.S.A.) Inc., 229 South State Street, Dover, Delaware 19901.
The issue raised is whether Petitioner, Nittetsu Leasing (U.S.A.) Inc.'s, proposed activities
will render it subject to the franchise tax on business corporations imposed under Article 9-A of the
Tax Law.
Petitioner, a Delaware corporation which is wholly-owned by a non-U.S. corporation, is
engaged in the business of (i) lending and financing and (ii) investing in securities. Petitioner plans
to transfer certain of its lending and financing related assets to a newly incorporated New York
subsidiary, Nittetsu Leasing (NY), Inc. ("NL NY"), in return for 100% of the stock of NL NY. NL
NY will engage in the business of lending and financing and will have its principal office in New
York City.
Petitioner is presently authorized to do business in New York. After NL NY is incorporated,
however, Petitioner will cease any activities in New York and will withdraw its authorization to do
business in New York, unless it is required to remain qualified under relevant corporation statutes.
Petitioner will be a passive investment holding company and will not engage in any business
activity in New York. All of its business activities will take place outside of New York. Petitioner
will not make any loans to NL NY or guarantee loans obtained by NL NY. Petitioner presently has
three directors, all of whom are nonresident aliens. The officers of Petitioner consist of a President,
a Treasurer and a Secretary, all of whom are nonresident aliens. The President and Secretary of
Petitioner are also directors of Petitioner. All of Petitioner's business operations are managed and
controlled by nonresident aliens. Petitioner has no salaried employees in New York, and it does not
own or lease any property in New York. It will be managed by directors and officers in Japan, and
will continue its current activities centering on the purchase of investment securities. All purchases
and sales of securities held for investment will be effected in Japan.
Petitioner will not maintain an office in New York, nor will it have a telephone listing,
building directory listing, or other form of address in New York. All of NL NY's operations will be
conducted by NL NY's own officers and employees. Petitioner will not make loans to NL NY or
guarantee loans obtained by NL NY.
Petitioner will maintain bank accounts in New York City. Petitioner will also have all of its
tax returns and internal administrative matters managed in New York City by its New York lawyers
and accountants and by personnel employed by NL NY.
TP-9 (9/88)

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TSB-A-90(5)C
Corporation Tax
February 8, 1990

Accordingly, Petitioner will keep necessary corporate books and records in New York City.
Any services performed by NL NY's employees for Petitioner will be purely administrative,
such as the forwarding of mail, confirmation of balances, etc. in bank accounts (without any
authority whatsoever with respect to such accounts), and interacting with Petitioner's New York
lawyers and accountants. NL NY employees will not be compensated by Petitioner for the above
services. As Petitioner and NL NY are separate corporations, they will enter into a service
agreement whereby Petitioner compensates NL NY on an arm's-length basis for the provision of
these administrative services.
Article 9-A of the Tax Law imposes a tax on foreign corporations for ". . . the privilege of
. . . doing business, or of employing capital, or of owning or leasing property in this state in a
corporate or organized capacity, or of maintaining an office in this state. . . ." Tax Law, Section
209.1. The Franchise Tax Regulations, noting that the term "doing business" is used in the statute
in a comprehensive sense, provides that ". . . every corporation organized for profit and carrying out
any of the purposes of its organization is deemed to be 'doing business' for the purposes of the tax"
imposed under Article 9-A. 20 NYCRR Section 1-3.2(b)(1). Whether it is doing business in New
York is a matter to be determined on a case by case basis, giving consideration to the following
factors:
"(i)
the nature, continuity, frequency, and regularity of the activities of the
corporation in New York State, compared with the nature, continuity, frequency, and
regularity of its activities elsewhere;
(ii)
the purposes for which the corporation was organized, compared with its
activities in New York State;
(iii)

the location of its offices and other places of business;

(iv)
the income of the corporation and the portion thereof derived from activities
in New York State;
(v)

the employment in New York State of agents, officers and employees; and

(vi)
the location of the actual seat of management or control of the corporation"
20 NYCRR Section 1-3.2(b)(2).
Section 209.2 of the Tax Law provides that a "foreign corporation shall not be deemed to be
doing business, employing capital. . .in this state, for purposes of this article, by reason of. . .(a) the
maintenance of cash balances with banks or trust companies in this state. . .(d) the maintenance of
an office in this state by one or more officers or directors of the corporation who are not employees
of the corporation if the corporation otherwise is not doing business in this state, and does not
employ capital or own or lease property in this state, or (e) the keeping of books or records of a
corporation in this state if such books or records are not kept by employees of such corporation and

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Corporation Tax
February 8, 1990

such corporation does not otherwise do business, employ capital, own or lease property or maintain
an office in this state or (f) any combination of the foregoing activities."
As a general rule, a holding company, incorporated in another state, whose activities (with
respect to New York) are confined to the owning and holding of securities of a corporation or
corporations engaged in doing business in New York and the receipt and distribution of income
derived therefrom, as well as activities aimed merely at maintaining its status as such, such as acts
of internal management, will not be held to be doing business or employing capital in New York so
as to subject it to the Franchise Tax on Business Corporations imposed under Article 9-A of the Tax
Law. This will hold even in the presence of isolated actions supportive of the activities of its New
York subsidiaries, as well as in the presence of an overlapping of officers and directors. People ex
rel. Manila El. R.R. & L. Co. v. Knapp, 229 N.Y.502; People ex rel Butterick Co. v. Gilchrist, 213
App. Div. 533, aff'd 241 N.Y. 591; People ex rel. The Edison Light and Power Installation Co. v.
Kelsey, 101 App. Div. 205; Proctor & Gamble Co. v. Newton, 289 F. 1013. However, such
conclusion would not apply to a holding company which, in addition to the activities described
above, substantially assisted its New York subsidiaries, as through loans or guarantees of loans, or
by the coordination or supervision of their business activities. See in this regard Edwards v. Chile
Cooper Co., 274 US 718; Phillips v. International Salt Co., 274 U.S. 718. Thus, as was stated in
Proctor & Gamble Co. v. Newton, supra, while the general rule is as stated above, ". . .when there
are added features in the relations of the two companies, from which it is apparent that the subsidiary
is not left with any autonomy, but the parent is directly operating the business by its own agents and
officers, the rule is different." Id., at 1016. The presence of such "added features" of direct control
does not appear in Petitioner's statement of facts.
Based on all of the foregoing considerations, the proposed activities of Petitioner as described
above would not constitute the doing of business, the employment of capital, the owning or leasing
of property in New York in a corporate or organized capacity, nor the maintenance of an office in
New York, within the meaning and intent of section 209 of the Tax Law and, accordingly, Petitioner
would thus not be subject to the Franchise Tax on Business Corporations imposed under Article 9-A
of the Tax Law. (Noga Holding (USA). Inc., Adv Op St Tax Comm, December 14, 1981, TSB-A­
81(10)C).

DATED: February 8, 1990

s/PAUL B. COBURN
Deputy Director
Taxpayer Services Division

NOTE: The opinions expressed in Advisory Opinions
are limited to the facts set forth therein.