Is equipment used to manufacture prototype products under a federal contract exempt from Illinois sales and use tax?

Plain-English summary

This General Information Letter answers a question from a small startup that designs and manufactures electric aircraft engine prototypes under federal contracts with the Air Force, NASA, and the Department of Energy. The company has no sales of its own — all of its revenue comes from contract payments for designing and manufacturing prototypes for the federal government — and it asked whether the equipment and supplies it buys to build those prototypes qualify for Illinois's manufacturing machinery and equipment exemption from sales and use tax.

The Department explained that Illinois's manufacturing machinery and equipment exemption (86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.330) covers machinery and equipment used primarily to manufacture or assemble tangible personal property that will itself be sold or leased at wholesale or retail. That exemption can apply even when the sale is made as an incident to a special-order service business, such as producing a custom machine, tool, die, jig, pattern, or gauge for a particular purchaser. But the Department also walked through the separate test for when a business is really providing a service (subject to Service Occupation Tax) rather than selling tangible personal property (subject to Retailers' Occupation Tax): the purchaser must hire the seller mainly for engineering or scientific skill to design a special-order item, and the resulting property must have use or value only for that specific purpose and only to that purchaser.

The letter also flagged that sales made directly to a governmental body with an active exemption identification number ("E-number") are exempt from Retailers' Occupation Tax, and that similar relief can flow through to service providers dealing with exempt governmental customers. Finally, it noted that since July 1, 2019, the manufacturing exemption has been expanded to cover "production related tangible personal property," including property used or consumed in research and development, whether or not that R&D happens inside a manufacturing facility.

Because this is a GIL rather than a Private Letter Ruling, the Department did not decide the taxpayer's specific situation. Instead, it laid out the relevant rules and let the taxpayer apply them to its own facts — in particular, whether its engine prototypes are ultimately sold (favoring the manufacturing exemption or Retailers' Occupation Tax) or are produced purely as a special-order engineering/design service retained by the federal government (implicating Service Occupation Tax and the governmental-body exemption instead).

What this means for you

Manufacturers and government contractors

If you manufacture prototypes or custom items under federal contracts and never actually sell the finished product, don't assume the manufacturing machinery and equipment exemption automatically applies just because you're "manufacturing" something. The exemption in 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.330 is keyed to machinery used to make tangible personal property for wholesale or retail sale or lease. If your product is tested and retained by the government rather than sold, you may instead be performing a service, and the applicable test is the three-part special-order test in 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2115(b): the purchaser must be relying on your engineering/scientific skill, and the resulting property must have value only for that specific purpose and only to that purchaser.

Accountants and tax professionals

Watch for the "volume production" and "repeat order" traps in 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2115(a)(4): a manufacturer that produces 50 or more identical units in a single or simultaneous order is treated as volume production subject to Retailers' Occupation Tax, and even qualifying special-order items become taxable if resold later without material change. Also confirm whether your client's government customer holds an active "E-number" exemption identification number under 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2080 — that can relieve tax on direct sales to (or, for de minimis servicemen, flow through from) a governmental body.

Anyone completing exemption certificates

Don't check the manufacturing-exemption box on an ST-587 Exemption Certificate reflexively. The certificate language ("used primarily in the manufacturing or assembling of tangible personal property for wholesale or retail sale or lease") only fits if the item you're buying equipment to produce will actually be sold or leased — not merely tested and handed over to a client or government agency.

Common questions

Q: Does the manufacturing machinery and equipment exemption cover equipment used to build prototypes that are never sold?
A: Not automatically. The exemption in 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.330 requires that the resulting tangible personal property be produced for wholesale or retail sale or lease. If the prototype is instead tested and retained by the purchaser (such as a federal agency) without being sold, the manufacturer may be providing a service rather than making an exempt sale, and different rules (Service Occupation Tax, the special-order test) apply.

Q: What is the difference between Retailers' Occupation Tax and Service Occupation Tax here?
A: It depends on the nature of what's being produced. If the item is substantially similar to a stock or standard item, even if custom-made, its sale triggers Retailers' Occupation Tax. If the seller is engaged primarily in a service — using engineering or scientific skill to design a special-order item that only has value to that one purchaser for that one purpose — Service Occupation Tax rules apply instead, per 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2115.

Q: Are sales to the federal government automatically tax-exempt in Illinois?
A: Not automatically. Sales to a governmental body are exempt from Retailers' Occupation Tax only if the governmental body has an active exemption identification number ("E-number") from the Department and provides it to the retailer, with the property invoiced directly to and paid by that governmental body. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2080.

Q: What changed in 2019 regarding the manufacturing exemption?
A: Beginning July 1, 2019, the manufacturing and assembling machinery and equipment exemption was expanded to include "production related tangible personal property" — property used or consumed in a production-related process at a manufacturing facility, in graphic arts production, or in research and development, whether or not the R&D occurs within a manufacturing or graphic arts facility. See 35 ILCS 105/3-5(18) and 35 ILCS 105/3-50.

Q: Is this letter binding on the Department?
A: No. This is a General Information Letter (GIL), which only directs the taxpayer to relevant regulations and other information sources. It is not a statement of Department policy and is not binding on the Department, unlike a Private Letter Ruling (PLR), which is binding as to the specific requesting taxpayer.

Citations and references

• 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.330 (manufacturing machinery and equipment exemption, including subsection (a) on special-order sales and (a)(6)-(7) on the tangible personal property requirement)
• 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2115 (Sellers of Machinery, Tools and Special Order Items; subsections (a)(4) and (b))
• 35 ILCS 120/2; 35 ILCS 105/3 (Retailers' Occupation Tax Act and Use Tax Act do not apply to sales of service)
• 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.101; 86 Ill. Adm. Code 150.101; 86 Ill. Adm. Code 150.130 (Retailers' Occupation Tax and Use Tax imposition and credit mechanics)
• 86 Ill. Adm. Code 140.101, 140.106, 140.108, 140.109 (Service Occupation Tax base calculation methods for servicemen, including de minimis servicemen)
• 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2080; 86 Ill. Adm. Code 140.125(h)(3); 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2076 (exemption for sales to governmental bodies with active E-numbers)
• 35 ILCS 105/3-5(18); 35 ILCS 105/3-50 (production related tangible personal property, effective July 1, 2019)
• ST 20-0001-PLR (Jan. 28, 2020) (example involving preproduction vehicles and research and development)
• 2 Ill. Adm. Code 1200.110 (Private Letter Ruling procedures); 2 Ill. Adm. Code 1200.120 (General Information Letter procedures)

Source

• Landing page: https://taxarchive.illinois.gov/research/legal/letter-rulings/sales-tax/2024.html
• Original PDF: https://tax.illinois.gov/content/dam/soi/en/web/taxarchive/research/legal/letter-rulings/sales-tax/2024/ST24-0028-GIL.pdf

Original ruling text

ST 24-0028-GIL 09/10/2024 MANUFACTURING MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
EXEMPTION
Machinery or equipment used primarily in the manufacturing or assembling of
tangible personal property for wholesale or retail sale or lease that is made apart
from or as an incident to the sellers engaging in the service occupation of
producing machines, tools, dyes, jigs, patterns, gauges, or other similar items of
no commercial value on special order for a particular purchaser is exempt from
Retailers’ Occupation Tax. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.330(a). (This is a GIL.)
September 10, 2024
NAME
EMAIL
Dear NAME:
This letter is in response to your email dated August 14, 2024, in which you
requested information. The Department issues two types of letter rulings. Private Letter
Rulings (“PLRs”) are issued by the Department in response to specific taxpayer inquiries
concerning the application of a tax statute or rule to a particular fact situation. A PLR is
binding on the Department, but only as to the taxpayer who is the subject of the request
for ruling and only to the extent the facts recited in the PLR are correct and complete.
Persons seeking PLRs must comply with the procedures for PLRs found in the
Department’s regulations at 2 Ill. Adm. Code 1200.110. The purpose of a General
Information Letter (“GIL”) is to direct taxpayers to Department regulations or other sources
of information regarding the topic about which they have inquired. A GIL is not a
statement of Department policy and is not binding on the Department. See 2 Ill. Adm.
Code 1200.120. You may access our website at https://tax.illinois.gov/ to review
regulations, letter rulings and other types of information relevant to your inquiry.
The nature of your inquiry and the information you have provided require that we
respond with a GIL. In your letter you have stated and made inquiry as follows:
We are a small start up company which designs and manufactures electric
aircraft engine prototypes under federal contracts with the Air Force,
NASA, and the Department of Energy. We are in the process of purchasing
equipment which will be used in the manufacture of these prototype
engines. We aren't a resale company. We have no sales at this point, as
our revenue is all contract revenue for the design and manufacture of
prototypes for the federal government. My question is whether or not our
purchases of equipment and/or supplies would be exempt from Illinois Sales
and Use taxes. Up to this point, we have paid our vendors sales taxes on
our purchases. The particular purchase for which we're wondering if it
would be tax exempt is one for equipment/supplies which will be consumed
in the manufacturing process. I'm wondering if we should complete an ST587 Exemption Certificate (for Manufacturing) and check the box for "the

NAME
Page 2
September 10, 2024
item will be used primarily in the manufacturing or assembling of tangible
personal property for wholesale or retail sale or lease", but in actuality, the
item will not be sold, but tested for the federal government, and retained by
the federal government thereafter.
DEPARTMENT’S RESPONSE:
The Illinois Retailers’ Occupation Tax Act imposes a tax upon persons engaged in
this State in the business of selling tangible personal property to purchasers for use or
consumption. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.101. Use Tax is imposed on the privilege of
using, in this State, any kind of tangible personal property that is purchased anywhere at
retail from a retailer. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code 150.101. These taxes comprise what is
commonly known as “sales” tax in Illinois. If the purchases occur in Illinois, the purchasers
must pay the Use Tax to the retailer at the time of purchase. The retailers are then
allowed to reduce the amount of Use Tax they must remit by the amount of Retailers’
Occupation Tax liability which they are required to and do pay to the Department with
respect to the same sales. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code 150.130.
Retailers’ Occupation Tax and Use Tax do not apply to sales of service. See 35
ILCS 120/2; 35 ILCS 105/3. The issue of whether a person incurs a Retailers’ Occupation
Tax or Service Occupation Tax liability depends upon the nature of the items being
produced and the nature of the design work involved. If the item being produced is
substantially similar to stock or standard items, even though custom-made, the sale of
that item would result in Retailers’ Occupation Tax liability. The test for special order
items that result in Service Occupation Tax liability is set forth in subsection (b) of the
Department’s rule “Sellers of Machinery, Tools and Special Order Items” at 86 Ill. Adm.
Code 130.2115.
The seller of a special machine, tool, die, jig, pattern, gauge or other similar item
is engaged primarily in a service occupation, rather than in the business of selling tangible
personal property, and so does not incur Retailers’ Occupation Tax liability with respect
to the sale, if the following tests for exemption are all met in the transaction:
A)

the purchaser employs the seller primarily for his engineering or other
scientific skill to design and produce the property on special order for the
purchaser and to meet the particular needs of the purchaser;

B)

the property has use or value only for the specific purpose for which it is
produced; and

C)

the property has use or value only to the purchaser. 86 Ill. Adm. Code
130.2115(b).

NAME
Page 3
September 10, 2024
Please note that if a manufacturer constructs and sells 50 or more identical sets of
a particular product in a single repeat order or simultaneous orders from a user (so-called
multiple orders), those sales will be deemed to be volume production and will be subject
to Retailers’ Occupation Tax (rather than Service Occupation Tax) liability based on the
total amount received by the manufacturer from such volume production orders. Also,
even items that qualify for exemption from the Retailers’ Occupation Tax, if sold
subsequently without material change to the purchaser for use (so-called repeat orders),
will become subject to the Retailers’ Occupation Tax because the skill that is involved
after the first item is made is production skill and not specialized engineering and design
skill. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2115(a)(4). If a manufacturer also makes retail sales of
tangible personal property, such as other non-manufactured products, that manufacturer
will incur Retailers’ Occupation Tax liability on those sales.
Under the Service Occupation Tax Act, businesses providing services (i.e.,
servicemen) are taxed on tangible personal property transferred as an incident to sales
of service. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code 140.101. The transfer of tangible personal property to
service customers may result in either Service Occupation Tax liability or Use Tax liability
for servicemen, depending upon which tax base they choose to calculate their liability.
Servicemen may calculate their tax base in one of four ways: (1) Service
Occupation Tax on the separately stated selling price of tangible personal property
transferred incident to service; (2) Service Occupation Tax on 50% of the serviceman’s
entire bill; (3) Service Occupation Tax on the serviceman’s cost price if the serviceman is
a registered de minimis serviceman; or (4) Use Tax on the serviceman’s cost price if the
serviceman is de minimis and is not otherwise required to be registered under Section 2a
of the Retailers’ Occupation Tax Act. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code Sections 140.106; 140.108;
and 140.109.
Using the first method, servicemen may separately state the selling price of each
item transferred as a result of sales of service. The tax is based on the separately stated
selling price of the tangible personal property transferred. If servicemen do not wish to
separately state the selling price of the tangible personal property transferred, those
servicemen must use the second method where they will use 50% of the entire bill to their
service customers as the tax base. Both of the above methods provide that in no event
may the tax base be less than the cost price of the tangible personal property transferred.
Under these methods, servicemen may provide their suppliers with Certificates of Resale
when purchasing the tangible personal property to be transferred as a part of sales of
service. They are required to collect the corresponding Service Use Tax from their
customers. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code 140.106.
The third way servicemen may account for their tax liability only applies to de
minimis servicemen who have either chosen to be registered or are required to be
registered because they incur Retailers’ Occupation Tax liability with respect to a portion
of their business. Servicemen may qualify as de minimis if they determine that their
annual aggregate cost price of tangible personal property transferred incident to sales of

NAME
Page 4
September 10, 2024
service is less than 35% of their annual gross receipts from service transactions (75% in
the case of pharmacists and persons engaged in graphic arts production). This class of
registered de minimis servicemen is authorized to pay Service Occupation Tax (which
includes local taxes) based upon the cost price of tangible personal property transferred
incident to sales of service. Servicemen that incur Service Occupation Tax collect the
Service Use Tax from their customers. They remit tax to the Department by filing returns
and do not pay tax to their suppliers. They provide suppliers with Certificates of Resale
for the tangible personal property transferred to service customers. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code
140.109.
The final method of determining tax liability may be used by de minimis servicemen
that are not otherwise required to be registered under Section 2a of the Retailers’
Occupation Tax Act. Servicemen may qualify as de minimis if they determine that the
annual aggregate cost price of tangible personal property transferred as an incident of
sales of service is less than 35% of the servicemen’s annual gross receipts from service
transactions (75% in the case of pharmacists and persons engaged in graphic arts
production). Such de minimis servicemen handle their tax liability by paying Use Tax to
their suppliers. If their suppliers are not registered to collect and remit tax, the servicemen
must register, self-assess, and remit Use Tax to the Department. The servicemen are
considered to be the end-users of the tangible personal property transferred incident to
service. Consequently, they are not authorized to collect a “tax” from the service
customers. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code 140.108. Although liability rests with a serviceman,
the Department has determined that a de minimis serviceman incurring a Use Tax liability
may claim exemptions predicated upon either the exempt status of his or her customer or
upon exemptions claimed by his or her customer based on nontaxable uses of the
tangible personal property transferred by the serviceman.
A customer’s status as an exempt entity may “flow through” to an unregistered de
minimis serviceman. The Department has determined that such a serviceman is relieved
of his or her Use Tax liability when making sales of service to customers who have
obtained exemption identification numbers (“E” numbers) from the Department. The
customer must provide its “E” number to the de minimis serviceman in order to relieve the
de minimis serviceman of Use Tax liability on the purchase of tangible personal property
being transferred to that customer. In the situation where there are both taxable and
exempt purchases, the serviceman will notify the supplier the percentage of purchases
that are exempt. The serviceman utilizing this flow through may either present the
customer’s “E” number to his or her supplier in advance when making the purchase of
tangible personal property that will be transferred to the customer or, if tax was paid to
the supplier, present it to his or her supplier along with a request that the supplier submit
a claim for credit to the Department. If the de minimis serviceman, however, has
previously self-assessed the Use Tax on that item to the Department, then the de minimis
serviceman may file a claim for credit.
The Retailers’ Occupation Tax does not apply to sales of tangible personal
property made to a governmental body (federal, State, local or foreign) if the

NAME
Page 5
September 10, 2024
governmental body has an active exemption identification number (“E-number”) issued
by the Department and it provides this active E-number to the retailer, who records that
number instead of collecting the tax. Sales of tangible personal property must be invoiced
directly to and paid by governmental bodies that possess active E-numbers for the
exemption to apply. 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2080. The Service Occupation Tax also does
not apply to the transfers of tangible personal property as an incident to sales of service
to any governmental body made in accordance with the provisions of 86 Ill. Adm. Code
130.2080. 86 Ill. Adm. Code 140.125(h)(3). Also see 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.2076, Sales
to Purchasers Performing Contracts with Governmental Bodies.
Machinery and equipment that is used primarily in the manufacturing or
assembling of tangible personal property for wholesale or retail sale or lease is exempt
from Retailers’ Occupation Tax. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.330. The sale or lease may
be made directly by the manufacturer or by some other person, and the sale or lease may
be made apart from or as an incident to the seller’s engaging in the service occupation of
producing machines, tools, dies, jigs, patterns, gauges, or other similar items of no
commercial value on special order for a particular purchaser. See 86 Ill. Adm. Code
130.330(a). The exemption requires that the product produced as a result of the
manufacturing or assembling process be tangible personal property for wholesale or retail
sale or lease. 130.330(a)(7). Machinery and equipment used in the performance of a
service, such as dry cleaning, is not used in the production of tangible personal property
for wholesale or retail sale or lease and is thus taxable. 86 Ill. Adm. Code 130.330(a)(6).
Beginning on July 1, 2019, the manufacturing and assembling machinery and
equipment exemption includes production related tangible personal property. 35 ILCS
105/3-5(18); 35 ILCS 105/3-50. Production related tangible personal property means all
tangible personal property used or consumed in a production related process by a
manufacturer in a manufacturing facility in which a manufacturing process takes place
or by a graphic arts producer in graphic arts production. Production related tangible
personal property also means all tangible personal property that is used or consumed in
research and development regardless of use within or without a manufacturing or
graphic arts production facility. See ST 20-0001-PLR (Jan. 28, 2020) for an example of
tangible personal property purchased to produce preproduction vehicles used or
consumed in activities such as research and development.
I hope this information is helpful. If you require additional information, please
visit our website at https://tax.illinois.gov/ or contact the Department’s Taxpayer
Information Division at (217) 782-3336.
Very truly yours,

RSW:sce

Richard S. Wolters
Associate Counsel