Payment for Medical Exams as a Condition of Employment

VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRY
DIVISION OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT LAW

FIELD OPERATIONS MANUAL

CHAPTER FIVE
PAYMENT FOR MEDICAL EXAMS AS A CONDITION OF
EMPLOYMENT

This document is part of the latest version of the Virginia Department of Labor and Industry
Division of Labor and Employment Law's Field Operations Manual. This document supersedes
any and all previous editions.

DISCLAIMER

The Field Operations Manual (FOM) is an operations manual that provides the Division of Labor
and Employment Law investigators and staff with interpretations of statutory provisions,
procedures for conducting investigations, and general administrative guidance. The FOM was
developed by the Labor and Employment Law Division under the general authority to administer
laws that the agency is charged with enforcing. The FOM reflects policies established through
changes in legislation, regulations, court decisions, and the decisions and opinions of the
Virginia Department of Labor and Industry. Further, the FOM is not used as a device for
establishing interpretative policy.

The Virginia Department of Labor and Industry (DOLI) is providing the information in this
manual as a public service. This information and other related materials are presented to provide
public access to information regarding DOLI programs. It is important to note that there will
often be a delay between the official publication of the materials and the modification of these
pages. Therefore, no express or implied guarantees are indicated. The Virginia Regulatory Town
Hall remains the official resource for regulatory information published by the DOLI. Every effort
will be made to address all errors brought to the attention of the Labor and Employment Law
Division staff.

5.00 Unlawful to Require Payment for Medical Examination as Condition of Employment

A. Coverage

The medical examination statute is set forth in § 40.1-28 of the Code of Virginia. It
applies to all private industry employers doing business in the Commonwealth.

B. Summary

Employers cannot require an employee or prospective employee to pay the cost of a
medical examination or the costs for furnishing medical records as a condition of
employment unless the medical examination is required by local, state or federal law.

A medical examination referred to in this section is not construed to cover only a
complete physical or medical examination. Rather, it includes all types of medical
procedures whether singularly such as a drug test or a tuberculin test or a combination of
such procedures such as a complete physical.

Employers may require an employee to pay the cost of a medical examination or the costs
of furnishing medical records as a condition of employment if such is required by any
local, state, or federal law or regulation such as the Interstate Commerce Commission
(ICC) requires truckers to secure a physical examination each year; the ICC requires the
physical, not the employer; thus, the employee could be made to pay for such costs.

There are instances, however, when a law will require a certain medical procedure and
also specify who is to incur the costs. For example, VOSH regulations in connection with
the asbestos program require an employee to secure a medical examination and also
require payment to be made by the employer.

In summary, generally any medical examination or medical procedure required by law
would be exempt from § 40.1-28, and the employee could be required to pay such costs
as a condition of employment. The cost may be deducted from wages provided the
employer first secures written and signed authorization from the employee(s) pursuant to
§ 40.1-29 C of Virginia's Payment of Wage Law.

C. Case Assignment

1. Regional, Field, or Central Office staff member may receive the complaint.
2. Complaint must be received in writing.

D. Investigation

1. Interviews complainant.
2. Interviews employer.
3. Conducts records review/audit.
4. Interviews co-workers/witnesses if necessary.
5. Determines the validity of the complaint and the amount that should be reimbursed
   each affected employee.

E. Informal Resolution

1. Discuss findings and determination with employer.
2. Inform employer:
   1. To cease and desist requiring employees to pay the cost of medical
      examinations or the costs for furnishing medical records as a condition of
      employment.
   2. To reimburse the named employees all moneys withheld for medical
      examinations or furnishing medical records as a condition of employment.
   3. Civil penalties under the authority of § 40.1-28 will be assessed by DOLI
      if the affected employees are not reimbursed all moneys withheld from the
      employees' wages or paid for with other moneys of the employees for
      medical costs as a condition of employment and if informal settlement is
      not made within 15 days from receipt of the forthcoming Demand
      Resolution Letter.
   4. That all employees who file complaints alleging unauthorized deductions
      from their wages for medical costs will be advised of their rights under §
      40.1-29 of the Code of Virginia. Final Wage Orders may be issued by the
      Commissioner of DOLI to recover unauthorized deductions, and
      additional civil money penalties may be assessed under the authority of §
      40.1-29.
3. Demand Resolution Letter

The Representative will prepare and mail the Demand Resolution Letter
immediately after Informal Conference with employer. The Representative will
have the revised letter reviewed and approved by the Supervisor before mailing.
The letter will be sent by first-class mail.
4. Informal Compliance Obtained

If employer complies within 15 days of the letter date of the Demand Resolution
Letter, case will be closed; no penalty will be assessed.

E. Penalty Assessment Under § 40.1-28

(numbered as "E" in the source document, following "E. Informal Resolution" above)

1. Case File Preparation and Submission of Penalty

If employer does not comply within 15 days of the letter date of the Demand
Resolution Letter, Representative will prepare the Medical Examination Costs
Civil Money Penalty Report calculation sheet. A penalty will be calculated for
each employee who has had to pay medical costs as a condition of employment.
Such medical cost amounts may have been deducted from the employee's wages
which is determined by the Representative during the investigative records/review
audit or paid with other moneys of the employee which is documented by the
Representative through employee/employer interviews, review of the employer's
employment policy, etc. The case file will be submitted to the Supervisor for
review and approval. Upon receiving approval, the Representative will submit the
case file to the Central Office for assessment of the penalty.
2. Assessment of Penalty

The Central Office will assess the penalty, by certified and regular first-class mail.
A copy of the penalty calculation sheet will be sent to the employer with the
assessment letter. The Central Office will notify the Representative of the amount
and date the penalty is paid or that the payment has not been received and the 15
days after receipt of the assessment has expired.
3. Penalty Contested

If the employer notifies DOLI within 15 days of receipt of the assessment letter
that he wishes to contest the penalty before the appropriate court, the case will be
forwarded to the Central Office to be set for trial in the appropriate general district
court.
4. Final Order

If the employer does not pay the penalty or contest, the Representative will
prepare a draft Final Order, and submit to Central Office. Central Office will
prepare the Final Order, and it will be submitted for approval and signing to the
Commissioner. The Final Order will be sent by certified and first-class mail. The
Representative will be furnished a copy of the Final Order.
5. Recording Final Order

If the Final Order is not paid within 18 days (15 days plus 3 days mailing), the
Central Office will prepare the Certification of Final Order and send to the
Representative for recording with the appropriate circuit court(s). The
Representative will send the recordation information to the Central Office for
sending to collection.
6. Tracking and Collection of Final Order

The Central Office will track all penalty assessment and penalty collections. If
the Final Order is not paid, the case will be sent to the collection attorney or
collection agency and/or the Commonwealth's Debt Set off Program.
7. Accounts Receivable Report

The Central Office will prepare the quarterly Accounts Receivable Report and
submit to DOLI's accounting office.

F. Action Under Section 40.1-29

1. Upon receiving a "Statement of Claim for Unpaid Wages" form from each
   employee who has had moneys deducted from his or her wages for medical costs,
   the Representative will proceed with the payment of wage procedures. Action
   under § 40.1-29 will only be taken for those employees who file a wage claim
   with DOLI. On the other hand, penalty calculations under § 40.1-28 will be made
   based on all employees who have had to pay such medical costs as a condition of
   employment whether deducted from the paycheck or paid for with other moneys
   of the employee.
2. If the employer fails to comply with the Payment of Wage Law, a Final Wage
   Order and a Final Penalty Order under § 40.1-29 will be issued.
3. The Central Office will track all penalty assessments and collections.