Sports officials association denied charitable exemption

Plain-English summary

A membership association for sports officials applied for exemption under IRC § 501(c)(3). It trained officials and participated in clinics and charitable events, but a significant part of its work consisted of negotiating contracts with adult leagues and coordinating paid officiating assignments for members. The IRS found that these activities operated as an employment service that primarily benefited members and resembled a commercial business. Because the association’s substantial nonexempt activity was neither an educational program for players nor a youth-sports program, the IRS denied exemption.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Does an association that trains sports officials and arranges their paid assignments qualify under IRC § 501(c)(3)?
• Outcome: Denied because procuring and coordinating employment for members was a substantial nonexempt private and commercial purpose
• Key authorities: IRC § 501(c)(3); Treas. Reg. §§ 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1), 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1), 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii); Rev. Rul. 61-170; Rev. Rul. 77-365; Rev. Rul. 80-215; Better Business Bureau of Washington, D.C., Inc. v. United States; B.S.W. Group, Inc. v. Commissioner

Full text (IRS public release)

Department of the Treasury Date:
Internal Revenue Service 06/12/2025
Tax Exempt and Government Entities Employer ID number:

                                                          Form you must file:

                                                          Tax years:

Release Number: 202536036 Person to contact:
Release Date: 9/5/2025
UIL Code: 501.03-00, 501.03-05, 501.03-30

Dear :

This letter is our final determination that you don't qualify for exemption from federal income tax under Internal
Revenue Code (IRC) Section 501(a) as an organization described in IRC Section 501(c)(3). Recently, we sent
you a proposed adverse determination in response to your application. The proposed adverse determination
explained the facts, law, and basis for our conclusion, and it gave you 30 days to file a protest. Because we
didn't receive a protest within the required 30 days, the proposed determination is now final.

Because you don't qualify as a tax-exempt organization under IRC Section 501(c)(3), donors generally can't
deduct contributions to you under IRC Section 170.

We may notify the appropriate state officials of our determination, as required by IRC Section 6104(c), by
sending them a copy of this final letter along with the proposed determination letter.

You must file the federal income tax forms for the tax years shown above within 30 days from the date of this
letter unless you request an extension of time to file. For further instructions, forms, and information, visit
www.irs.gov.

We'll make this final adverse determination letter and the proposed adverse determination letter available for
public inspection after deleting certain identifying information, as required by IRC Section 6110. Read the
enclosed Letter 437, Notice of Intention to Disclose - Rulings, and review the two attached letters that show our
proposed deletions. If you disagree with our proposed deletions, follow the instructions in the Letter 437 on how
to notify us. If you agree with our deletions, you don't need to take any further action.

If you have questions about this letter, you can call the contact person shown above. If you have questions
about your federal income tax status and responsibilities, call our customer service number at 800-829-1040
(TTY 800-829-4933 for deaf or hard of hearing) or customer service for businesses at 800-829-4933.

Letter 4038 (Rev. 11-2021)
Catalog Number 47632S

We sent a copy of this letter to your representative as indicated in your power of attorney.

Sincerely,

Stephen A. Martin
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings and Agreements

Enclosures:

Letter 437

Redacted Letter 4034
Redacted Letter 4038

cc:

Letter 4038 (Rev. 11-2021)
Catalog Number 47632S

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

Date:
04/14/2025

Employer ID number:

Person to contact:

Name:
ID number:
Telephone:
Fax:
Legend: UIL:
B = Date 501.03-00
C = State 501.03-06
D = County
E = Social Media
b = Sport
c = Officials

Dear :

We considered your application for recognition of exemption from federal income tax under Internal Revenue
Code (IRC) Section 501(a). We determined that you don’t qualify for exemption under IRC Section 501(c)(3).
This letter explains the reasons for our conclusion. Please keep it for your records.

Issues

Do you qualify for exemption under IRC Section 501(c)(3)? No, for the reasons stated below.

Facts

You were established on B within the jurisdiction of C as a not-for-profit corporation. According to your
Articles of Incorporation, you are organized for the purpose of promoting the game of b by officiating games
throughout D and the central C area. Your application substantiates this objective by indicating that you engage
in training programs, field clinics, and charitable events that benefit the local C community in relation to the
sport.

You are a membership-based organization that is overseen by a Board of Directors, which includes a President,
a Treasurer, and Member. Membership privileges are extended to any individual who engages in the practice of
b and aspires to support and advance your mission. To qualify for consideration for membership, an interested
individual is required to successfully pass the annual b examination and pay the membership fee.

A significant portion of your operational activity is dedicated to the acquisition of employment opportunities for
your members by negotiating officiating contracts with various adult b leagues within the D and central C area.
The compensation that your c earn for officiating games is not processed through you. Instead, compensation is

Letter 4034 (Rev. 01-2021)
Catalog Number 47628K

2

paid directly to your c on the fields of play by the member-teams of the b leagues which have contracted for
your services. Your income is generated through membership fees, which are utilized to compensate your
employee responsible for assigning games to your members, informing them about any rainouts or
cancellations, and rescheduling assignments when necessary. You also promote your services through the
internet platform, E.

Law

Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(3) provides for the exemption from federal income tax of organizations
that are organized and operated exclusively for charitable, educational purposes or other purposes as specified
in the statute and which no part of its net earnings inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

Treasury Regulation Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) states that, in order to be exempt as an organization described
in IRC Section 501(c)(3), an organization must be both organized and operated exclusively for one or more of
the purposes specified in such section. If an organization fails to meet either the organizational test or the
operational test, it is not exempt.

Treas. Reg. Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) provides that an organization will be regarded as operated exclusively
for one or more exempt purposes only if it engages primarily in activities which accomplish one or more of
such exempt purposes specified in IRC Section 501(c)(3). An organization will not be so regarded if more than
an insubstantial part of its activities is not in furtherance of an exempt purpose.

Treas. Reg. Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii) provides that an exempt organization must serve a public rather than
a private interest. The organization must demonstrate that it is not organized or operated to benefit private
interests such as designated individuals, the creator or his family, shareholders of the organization, or persons
controlled, directly or indirectly, by such private interests. Thus, if an organization is operated to benefit private
interests rather than for public purposes or is operated so that there is prohibited inurement of earnings to the
benefit of private shareholders or individuals, it may not retain its exempt status.

Revenue Ruling 61-170, 1961-1 C.B. 112, holds that a nurses' association, which maintains an employment
register primarily for the employment of its members, is not entitled to exemption under IRC Section 501(c)(3).
The organization was primarily engaged in the performance of personal services by operating an employment
service principally for the benefit of its members. The organization drew its support primarily from its
members. It was governed by a board of trustees composed of professional nurses. Although the public
received some benefit from the organization's activities, the primary benefit of its activities was to
organization's members.

Rev. Rul. 77-365, 1977-2 C.B. 192, states that an organization that conducts clinics, workshops, lessons, and
seminars at municipal parks and recreational areas to instruct and educate individuals in a particular sport is
operated exclusively for educational purposes and qualifies for exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

Rev. Rul. 80-215, 1980-32 I.R.B. 9, states that organization that is formed to develop, promote, and regulate a
sport for individuals under 18 years of age by organizing local and statewide competitions, promulgating rules,
organizing officials, presenting seminars, distributing a newsletter, and otherwise encouraging growth of the
sport qualifies for exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Code.

Letter 4034 (Rev. 01-2021)
Catalog Number 47628K

3

In the court case, Better Business Bureau of Washington, D.C., Inc, v. United States, 326 U.S. 279 (1945), the
Supreme Court determined that the activities of the organization were aimed at promoting the prosperity and
standing of the business community and therefore served a substantial private purpose. It concluded that the
presence of a single nonexempt purpose, if substantial in nature, will preclude exemption regardless of the
number or importance of statutorily exempt purposes.

In the court case, B.S.W. Group, Inc. v. Commissioner, 70 T.C. 352 (1978). The court found that the
corporation did not satisfy the operational test under section 501(c)(3) of the Code because its activities
constituted the conduct of a trade or business that is ordinarily carried on by commercial ventures
organized for profit. Therefore, its primary purpose was not charitable, educational, or scientific, but
rather commercial.

Application of law

IRC Section 501(c)(3) and Treas. Reg. 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) set forth two criteria in qualifying for status as an
exempt organization. The provisions specify that an organization must be both organized and operated solely
for the purposes outlined in IRC Section 501(c)(3) in order to be considered exempt. Treasury Regulation
1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) specifies that should an organization fail to meet either the organizational test or the
operational test, it shall not be eligible for exemption.

Your operational activities are primarily focused on negotiating contracts with various b leagues to secure
employment opportunities for your c, in addition to the coordination, scheduling, and assignment of your c for b
games and tournaments. The c are paid fees for their services by the teams of the b leagues with which you
contract on the fields of play. The activities of negotiating services, coordinating scheduling, and assigning
games to your c do not serve an educational or charitable purpose. As explained in Treas. Reg. Section
1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1), you cannot be regarded as "operated exclusively" for one or more exempt purposes because
more than an insubstantial percentage of your operational activities is dedicated to furthering a nonexempt
purpose.

Although you organize and assign officials to referee b games, the games to which your c are assigned are not
limited to games whose participants are under 18 years of age; therefore, you are not like the entity examined in
Rev. Rul. 80-215 and your primary operational activity does not fulfill a charitable purpose. Furthermore, since
your primary operational activity is not aimed at providing educational services to the players who participate in
the games officiated by your c, you are not similar to the organization examined in Rev. Rul. 77-365. Although
you offer training to your c, a substantial portion of your operational activities are focused on negotiating
contracts with b leagues and coordinating assignments for games and tournaments for your members. Thus,
your operational activities cannot be considered as exclusively educational or charitable in nature.

Since a substantial portion of your operational activities are devoted to the procurement of employment
opportunities for your c, you are like the organization referenced in Rev. Rul. 61-170 in that you engage in the
performance of personal services for the benefit of your members. Furthermore, by delegating to your paid
employee the obligation of overseeing those employment opportunities, while promoting your services to the
wider public through the online platform of E, you are engaging in endeavors that are emblematic of operations
typically conducted by a for-profit commercial entity, such as the organization referenced in B.S.W. Group, Inc.
v. Commissioner. Given that a substantial portion of your operational activity is dedicated to providing a
personal service for the benefit of your members, you do not satisfy the public purpose requirement delineated
in Treas. Reg. Section 1.501(c)(3)-1(d)(1)(ii), as you are advancing a non-exempt purpose.

Letter 4034 (Rev. 01-2021)
Catalog Number 47628K

4

Due to the fact that a substantial portion of your operational activity is dedicated to securing employment and
overseeing those opportunities for the benefit of your c, similar to the organization referenced in Better
Business Bureau of Washington, D.C., Inc. v. United States, you fail to meet the exemption requirements under
IRC Section 501(c)(3).

Conclusion

Based on the information submitted, you do not meet the operational test for IRC Section 501(c)(3) because you
are operated for substantial nonexempt purposes. Therefore, you are not eligible for exemption under IRC
Section 501(c)(3).

If you agree

If you agree with our proposed adverse determination, you don’t need to do anything. If we don’t hear from
you within 30 days, we’ll issue a final adverse determination letter. That letter will provide information on
your income tax filing requirements.

If you don't agree

You have a right to protest if you don’t agree with our proposed adverse determination. To do so, send us a
protest within 30 days of the date of this letter. You must include:

• Your name, address, employer identification number (EIN), and a daytime phone number

• A statement of the facts, law, and arguments supporting your position

• A statement indicating whether you are requesting an Appeals Office conference

• The signature of an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is authorized to sign for the
organization or your authorized representative

• The following declaration:

For an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is authorized to sign for the organization:
Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this request, or this modification to the
request, including accompanying documents, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the request
or the modification contains all relevant facts relating to the request, and such facts are true, correct,
and complete.

Your representative (attorney, certified public accountant, or other individual enrolled to practice before the
IRS) must file a Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative, with us if they haven’t
already done so. You can find more information about representation in Publication 947, Practice Before the
IRS and Power of Attorney.

We’ll review your protest statement and decide if you gave us a basis to reconsider our determination. If so,
we’ll continue to process your case considering the information you provided. If you haven’t given us a basis
for reconsideration, we’ll send your case to the Appeals Office and notify you. You can find more information
in Publication 892, How to Appeal an IRS Determination on Tax-Exempt Status.

If you don’t file a protest within 30 days, you can’t seek a declaratory judgment in court later because the
law requires that you use the IRC administrative process first (IRC Section 7428(b)(2)).

Letter 4034 (Rev. 01-2021)
Catalog Number 47628K

5

Where to send your protest

Send your protest, Form 2848, if applicable, and any supporting documents to the applicable address:

U.S. mail: Street address for delivery service:

Internal Revenue Service Internal Revenue Service
EO Determinations Quality Assurance EO Determinations Quality Assurance
Mail Stop 6403 550 Main Street, Mail Stop 6403
PO Box 2508 Cincinnati, OH 45202
Cincinnati, OH 45201

You can also fax your protest and supporting documents to the fax number listed at the top of this letter. If you
fax your statement, please contact the person listed at the top of this letter to confirm that they received it.

You can get the forms and publications mentioned in this letter by visiting our website at www.irs.gov/forms-
pubs or by calling 800-TAX-FORM (800-829-3676). If you have questions, you can contact the person listed at
the top of this letter.

Contacting the Taxpayer Advocate Service

The Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS) is an independent organization within the IRS that can help protect your
taxpayer rights. TAS can offer you help if your tax problem is causing a hardship, or if you’ve tried but haven’t
been able to resolve your problem with the IRS. If you qualify for TAS assistance, which is always free, TAS
will do everything possible to help you. Visit www.taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov or call 877-777-4778.

We sent a copy of this letter to your representative as indicated in your power of attorney.

Sincerely,

Stephen A. Martin
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings and Agreements

Letter 4034 (Rev. 01-2021)
Catalog Number 47628K