Trust split caused an inadvertent S corporation termination

Plain-English summary

An S corporation shareholder was a qualified subchapter S trust whose income beneficiary died. Until the trust formally divided, it maintained three separate shares for three successor beneficiaries, with each share's income and principal limited to its own beneficiary. The IRS ruled that those shares were substantially separate and independent, qualified as separate QSSTs, and carried forward the original QSST election because the beneficiaries did not refuse consent. When the trust later split into three new trusts under local law, new QSST elections were required but were not filed, terminating the corporation's S election. The IRS treated the termination as inadvertent and allowed S status to continue, conditioned on the three beneficiaries filing QSST elections within 120 days.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did the trust's separate shares preserve QSST treatment, and could the later missed elections for three new trusts receive inadvertent-termination relief?
• Outcome: Approved, subject to three QSST elections being filed within 120 days
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 663(c), 1361(d), and 1362(f); Treas. Reg. §§ 1.663(c)-1, 1.663(c)-3, and 1.1361-1

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 202340008 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 10/6/2023 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 1362.00-00, 1362.01-00,
1362.01-02, 1362.02-00, Person To Contact:
1362.02-02, 1362.04-00 ---------------------------, ID No. ---------------
-----------------
------------------------------- Telephone Number:
----------------------------------- ---------------------
-------------------------- Refer Reply To:
------------------------------- CC:PSI:01
--------------------------- PLR-101416-23
Date:
July 10, 2023

LEGEND

X = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

State = -------------

Trust A = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A = -----------------

Date 1 = -------------------

Date 2 = --------------------------

Date 3 = --------------------------

Date 4 = -------------------

Date 5 = ---------------------------

Trust B = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------

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Trust C = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------
-----------------------

Trust D = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------
-----------------------

B = ---------------------------
-------------------------

C = -----------------------
-------------------------

D = ----------------------

Dear ---------------:

   This letter responds to a letter dated January 11, 2023, and subsequent

correspondence, submitted on behalf of X, requesting rulings under §§ 1361(d) and
1362(f) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code).

                                                 FACTS

   The information submitted states that X was incorporated under the laws of State

on Date 1 and elected to be an S corporation as of formation. On Date 2, Trust A
became a shareholder of X. From Date 2 until Date 3, Trust was grantor trust described
in § 1361(c)(2)(A)(i). As of Date 3, Trust A ceased to be a grantor trust, but A, the
income beneficiary of Trust A, timely made an election to treat Trust A as qualified
subchapter S trust (QSST).

   On Date 4, A died. Under the terms of Trust A, upon A’s death, Trust A’s

trustees were required to divide Trust A into three separate trusts, one each for the
benefit of B, C, and D. The actual division of Trust A into three separate trusts did not
occur until Date 5. From Date 4 until Date 5, the trustees of Trust A created separate
shares within Trust A, one share each for the benefit of B, C, and D. Each share of
Trust A was eligible to have been a QSST. The income from one share was required to
be paid to B, the income from the second share was required to be paid to C, and the
income from the third share was required to be paid to D. During the life of each of B,
C, and D (the income beneficiaries), the income and principal from one beneficiary’s
share could only be paid to that income beneficiary. No income beneficiary had a claim
against the income and principal of another beneficiary’s share. Between Date 4 and
Date 5, the income from each share of Trust A was distributed to the income beneficiary

PLR-101416-23 3

of that share. B, C, and D did not affirmatively refuse to consent to the QSST election
made for Trust on Date 3.

   On Date 5, Trust A formally split into three separate trusts, each of which was

newly formed under local law. The X stock from B’s share of Trust A was transferred to
Trust B, the beneficiary of which is B. The X stock from C’s share of Trust A was
transferred to Trust C, the beneficiary of which is C. The X stock from D’s share of
Trust A was transferred to Trust D, the beneficiary of which is D. Trust B, Trust C, and
Trust D each have been eligible to be a QSST since Date 5, but failed to timely make
QSST elections.

    Rulings are requested that (1) from Date 4 to Date 5, each share of Trust A

qualifies as a substantially separate and independent share under § 663(c) and,
therefore, each share is treated as a separate trust for purposes of § 1361(d); (2) each
share qualifies as a QSST within the meaning of § 1362(d)(3); (3) provided that
Trust A’s QSST election is valid and not otherwise terminated, B, C, and D are
successive income beneficiaries under § 1361(d)(2)(B)(ii) of the Code such that B, C,
and D are not required to file QSST elections for Trust A’s QSST election and X’s S
corporation status to continue from Date 4 to Date 5, and; (4) the termination of X’s S
corporation election on Date 5 was inadvertent within the meaning of § 1362(f).

   X represents that it has filed tax returns consistent with being an S corporation

since Date 5. The circumstances resulting in the termination of X's S corporation
election were inadvertent and were not motivated by tax avoidance or retroactive tax
planning. X and its shareholders have agreed to make such adjustments (consistent
with the treatment of X as an S corporation) as may be required by the Secretary.

                              LAW AND ANALYSIS

   Section 1362(a) of the Code provides that, except as provided in § 1362(g), a

small business corporation may elect, in accordance with the provisions of § 1362, to be
an S corporation.

  Section 1361(a)(1) defines an “S corporation” as a small business corporation for

which an election under § 1362(a) is in effect for the taxable year.

   Section 1361(b)(1) provides that a small business corporation means a domestic

corporation which is not an ineligible corporation for such year and which does not,
among other limitations, have as a shareholder a person (other than an estate, a trust
described in § 1361(c)(2), or an organization described in § 1361(c)(6)) who is not an
individual.

   Section 1361(d)(1) provides that, in the case of a QSST with respect to which a

beneficiary makes an election under § 1361(d)(2), such trust shall be treated as a trust
described in § 1361(c)(2)(A)(i) and for purposes of § 678(a), the beneficiary of such

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trust shall be treated as the owner of that portion of the trust which consists of stock in
the S corporation with respect to which the election under § 1361(d)(2) is made.

   Section 1361(d)(2)(B)(ii) provides that if a QSST election is made with respect to

any beneficiary, an election under this paragraph shall be treated as made by each
successive beneficiary unless such beneficiary affirmatively refuses to consent to such
election.

    Section 1361(d)(3) defines a QSST as a trust all of the income (within the

meaning of § 643(b)) of which is distributed (or required to be distributed) currently to
one individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States. In addition, the terms of
the trust must require that (i) during the life of the current income beneficiary, there shall
be only one income beneficiary of the trust, (ii) any corpus distributed during the life of
the current income beneficiary may be distributed only to such beneficiary, (iii) the
income interest of the current income beneficiary in the trust shall terminate on the
earlier of such beneficiary’s death or the termination of the trust, and (iv) upon the
termination of the trust during the life of the current income beneficiary, the trust shall
distribute all of its assets to such beneficiary.

  Section 1361(d)(3) further provides that a substantially separate and independent

share of a trust within the meaning of § 663(c) shall be treated as a separate trust for
purposes of § 1361(d) and (c).

    Section 663(c) provides that for the sole purpose of determining the amount of

distributable net income in the application of §§ 661 and 662, in the case of a single
trust having more than one beneficiary, substantially separate and independent shares
of different beneficiaries in the trust shall be treated as separate trusts. The existence
of such substantially separate and independent shares and the manner of treatment as
separate trusts, including the application of subpart D, shall be determined in
accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary.

    Section 1.663(c)-1(a) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that if a single trust

has more than one beneficiary, and if different beneficiaries have substantially separate
and independent shares, their shares are treated as separate trusts for the sole purpose
of determining the amount of distributable net income allocable to the respective
beneficiaries under §§ 661 and 662 (the separate share rule). The regulations further
provide, in § 1.663(c)-1(c), that the separate share rule may be applicable even though
separate and independent accounts are not maintained and are not required to be
maintained for each share on the books of account of the trust, and even though no
physical segregation of assets is made or required. Section 1.663(c)-3(a) provides that
the applicability of the separate share rule generally depends on whether trust
distributions are to be made in substantially the same manner as if separate trusts had
been created.

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   Section 1.1361-1(j)(9)(i) provides that if the income beneficiary of a QSST who

made a QSST election dies, each successive income beneficiary of that trust is treated
as consenting to the election unless a successive income beneficiary affirmatively
refuses to consent to the election. For this purpose, the term successive income
beneficiary includes a beneficiary of a trust whose interest is a separate share within the
meaning of § 663(c), but does not include any beneficiary of a trust that is created upon
the death of the income beneficiary of the QSST and which is a new trust under local
law.

   Section 1362(d)(2)(A) provides that an election under § 1362(a) shall be

terminated whenever (at any time on or after the first day of the first taxable year for
which a corporation is an S corporation) such corporation ceases to be a small business
corporation. Section 1362(d)(2)(B) provides that the termination shall be effective on
and after the date of cessation.

    Section 1362(f) provides, in pertinent part, that if (1) an election

under § 1362(a) by any corporation was not effective for the taxable year for which
made (determined without regard to § 1362(b)(2), by reason of a failure to meet the
requirements of § 1361(b), or terminated under § 1362(d)(2) or (3), (2) the Secretary
determines that the circumstances resulting in such ineffectiveness or termination were
inadvertent, (3) no later than a reasonable period of time after discovery of the event
resulting in the ineffectiveness or termination, steps were taken (A) so that the
corporation for which the election was made or the termination occurred is a small
business corporation, and (4) the corporation, and each person who was a shareholder
of the corporation at any time during the period specified pursuant to § 1362(f), agrees
to make such adjustments (consistent with the treatment of the corporation as an S
corporation) as may be required by the Secretary with respect to such period, then,
notwithstanding the circumstances resulting in such ineffectiveness or termination, the
corporation shall be treated as an S corporation during the period specified by the
Secretary.

                                 CONCLUSION

   Based on the information submitted and the representations made, we conclude

that the three shares of Trust A created on Date 4 upon the death of A are substantially
separate and independent shares within the meaning of § 663(c) of the Code and,
therefore, that each share is treated as a separate trust for purposes of § 1361(d). We
also conclude that each share of Trust A will qualify as a QSST under § 1361(d)(3) from
Date 4 until Date 5. In addition, provided that Trust A’s QSST election was valid and
not otherwise terminated, the income beneficiary of each share of Trust A was a
successive income beneficiary under § 1361(d)(2)(B)(ii) of the Code, and, therefore,
was not required to file a QSST election with respect to his or her respective separate
share for Trust A’s QSST election and X’s S corporation election to continue from Date
4 to Date 5.

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   We also conclude that X’s S corporation election terminated on Date 5 when

Trust B, Trust C, and Trust D became ineligible shareholders of X. We conclude that
the termination was inadvertent within the meaning of § 1362(f). Pursuant to the
provisions of § 1362(f), X will be treated as continuing to be an S corporation beginning
on and after Date 5, unless X’s S corporation election is otherwise terminated under
§ 1362(d).

    This letter ruling is subject to the condition that within 120 days from the date of

this letter, the income beneficiaries of Trust B, Trust C, and Trust D must file QSST
elections effective Date 5 with the appropriate service center. A copy of this letter
should be attached to the QSST elections.

   Except as specifically ruled above, we express or imply no opinion concerning

the federal tax consequences of the transactions described above under any other
provision of the Code. Specifically, we express or imply no opinion regarding whether X
is otherwise eligible to be an S corporation or whether Trust A, its separate shares, and
Trust B, Trust C, and Trust D are otherwise eligible to be QSSTs.

  This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer that requested it. According to

§ 6110(k)(3), this ruling may not be used or cited as precedent.

   The ruling contained in this letter is based upon information and representations

submitted by the taxpayer and accompanied by a penalty of perjury statement executed
by an appropriate party. While this office has not verified any of the material submitted
in support of the ruling request, it is subject to verification on examination.

   Pursuant to a power of attorney on file with this office, a copy of this letter is

being furnished to the authorized representatives for X.

                                    Sincerely,


                                    /S/________________
                                    Laura C. Fields
                                    Branch Chief, Branch 1
                                    Office of the Associate Chief Counsel
                                    (Passthroughs & Special Industries)

Enclosure
Copy for § 6110 purposes

PLR-101416-23 7

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