IRS revokes 501(c)(3) status of a defunct, family-funded charity that failed both the organizational and operational tests

Plain-English summary

The IRS revoked the 501(c)(3) exemption of a small charity that had essentially gone dormant. On audit, the founder explained that the group had started as a way to do occasional charitable activities in the neighborhood but had received only one small outside donation; nearly everything it did was paid for out of the founder's own pocket, and by the time of the exam it was "basically defunct." The IRS found two independent failures. First, the organizational test: the group's Articles of Incorporation had a proper purpose clause but lacked both a clause limiting its activities to 501(c)(3) purposes and a dissolution clause dedicating its assets to another 501(c)(3) organization. Second, the operational test: the group conducted very few activities, kept almost no records (no usable meeting minutes, flyers, or financial statements), and could not substantiate that it operated primarily for exempt purposes. The founder agreed to a voluntary revocation. Because the group qualifies under neither test, the IRS revoked its exemption effective a stated date; contributions are no longer deductible under IRC § 170, and the organization must file federal income tax returns going forward.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Does a nearly-inactive, self-funded charity still qualify under 501(c)(3) when its articles lack limiting and dissolution clauses and it cannot substantiate exempt activities?
• Outcome: Revocation (fails both the organizational and operational tests; founder agreed to voluntary revocation)
• Key authorities: IRC § 501(c)(3); Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1), (b)(1), (b)(4), (c)(1); IRC § 509(a); Treas. Reg. § 1.170A-9(f)

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service
Department of the Treasury
Tax Exempt and Government Entities
Date: May 10, 2021

Taxpayer ID number:
Form:
Tax periods ended:
Release Number: 202237017
Release Date: 9/16/2022
UIL Code: 501.03-00

Person to contact:
Name:
ID number:
Telephone:
Fax:

CERTIFIED MAIL - RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED

Dear

Why we are sending you this letter
This is a final determination that you don't qualify for exemption from federal income tax under Internal
Revenue Code (IRC) Section 501(a) as an organization described in IRC Section 501(c)(3), effective
. Your determination letter dated , is revoked.

Our adverse determination as to your exempt status was made for the following reasons: Organizations
described in IRC Section 501(c)(3) and exempt under IRC Section 501(a) must be both organized and operated
exclusively for exempt purposes. You have not demonstrated that you are organized exclusively for charitable,
educational, or other exempt purposes within the meaning of IRC Section 501(c)(3). Your Articles of
Incorporation include a proper purpose clause but fail to include a clause limiting its activities to those
exclusively in the furtherance of IRC Section 501(c)(3) and a dissolution clause providing transfer of your
assets to another IRC Section 501(c)(3) organization in the event you were to dissolve.

You have also not demonstrated that you are operated exclusively for charitable, educational, or other exempt
purposes within the meaning of IRC Section 501(c)(3). An organization will not be so regarded if more than an
insubstantial part of its activities is not in furtherance of an exempt purpose. You have also failed to produce
documents to establish that you operated exclusively for an exempt purpose.

Organizations that are not exempt under IRC Section 501 generally are required to file federal income tax
returns and pay tax, where applicable. For further instructions, forms and information please visit www.irs.gov.

Contributions to your organization are no longer deductible under IRC Section 170.

What you must do if you disagree with this determination
If you want to contest our final determination, you have 90 days from the date this determination letter was
mailed to you to file a petition or complaint in one of the three federal courts listed below.

How to file your action for declaratory judgment

If you decide to contest this determination, you may file an action for declaratory judgment under the provisions
of IRC Section 7428 in one of the following three venues: 1) United States Tax Court, 2) the United States Court
of Federal Claims or 3) the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.

Letter 6337 (12-2020)
Catalog Number 74808E

Please contact the clerk of the appropriate court for rules and the appropriate forms for filing an action for
declaratory judgment by referring to the enclosed Publication 892, How to Appeal an IRS Determination on
Tax-Exempt Status. You may write to the courts at the following addresses:

United States Tax Court
400 Second Street, NW
Washington, DC 20217

U.S. Court of Federal Claims
717 Madison Place, NW
Washington, DC 20439

U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
333 Constitution Ave., N.W.
Washington, DC 20001

Processing of income tax returns and assessments of any taxes due will not be delayed if you file a petition for
declaratory judgment under IRC Section 7428.

We'll notify the appropriate state officials (as permitted by law) of our determination that you aren't an
organization described in IRC Section 501(c)(3).

Information about the IRS Taxpayer Advocate Service

The IRS office whose phone number appears at the top of the notice can best address and access your tax
information and help get you answers. However, you may be eligible for free help from the Taxpayer Advocate
Service (TAS) if you can't resolve your tax problem with the IRS, or you believe an IRS procedure just isn't
working as it should. TAS is an independent organization within the IRS that helps taxpayers and protects
taxpayer rights. Contact your local Taxpayer Advocate Office at:

Internal Revenue Service
Taxpayer Advocate Office

Or call TAS at 877-777-4778. For more information about TAS and your rights under the Taxpayer Bill of Rights,
go to taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov. Do not send your federal court pleading to the TAS address listed above. Use
the applicable federal court address provided earlier in the letter. Contacting TAS does not extend the time to
file an action for declaratory judgment.

Where you can find more information
Enclosed are Publication 1, Your Rights as a Taxpayer, and Publication 594, The IRS Collection Process, for
more comprehensive information.

Find tax forms or publications by visiting www.irs.gov/forms or calling 800-TAX-FORM (800-829-3676).
If you have questions, you can call the person shown at the top of this letter.

If you prefer to write, use the address shown at the top of this letter. Include your telephone number, the best
time to call, and a copy of this letter.

Keep the original letter for your records.

Sincerely,
Sean E. O'Reilly
Director, Exempt Organizations Examinations

Enclosures:
Publication 1
Publication 594
Publication 892

Letter 6337 (12-2020)
Catalog Number 74808E

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service
IRS Tax Exempt and Government Entities
Date: June 2, 2020

Taxpayer ID number:
Form:
Tax periods ended:

Person to contact:
Name:
ID number:
Telephone:
Fax:
Address:

Manager's contact information:
Name:
ID number:
Telephone:
Response due date:

CERTIFIED MAIL - Return Receipt Requested

Dear

Why you're receiving this letter

We enclosed a copy of our audit report, Form 886-A, Explanation of Items, explaining that we
propose to revoke your tax-exempt status as an organization described in Internal Revenue Code
(IRC) Section 501(c)(3).

If you agree

If you haven't already, please sign the enclosed Form 6018, Consent to Proposed Action, and
return it to the contact person shown at the top of this letter. We'll issue a final adverse letter
determining that you aren't an organization described in IRC Section 501(c)(3) for the periods
above.

After we issue the final adverse determination letter, we'll announce that your organization is no
longer eligible to receive tax deductible contributions under IRC Section 170.

If you disagree

1. Request a meeting or telephone conference with the manager shown at the top of this
   letter.

2. Send any information you want us to consider.

3. File a protest with the IRS Appeals Office. If you request a meeting with the manager or
   send additional information as stated in 1 and 2, above, you'll still be able to file a protest
   with IRS Appeals Office after the meeting or after we consider the information.

Letter 3618 (Rev. 8-2019)
Catalog Number 34809F

The IRS Appeals Office is independent of the Exempt Organizations division and
resolves most disputes informally. If you file a protest, the auditing agent may ask you to
sign a consent to extend the period of limitations for assessing tax. This is to allow the
IRS Appeals Office enough time to consider your case. For your protest to be valid, it
must contain certain specific information, including a statement of the facts, applicable
law, and arguments in support of your position. For specific information needed for a
valid protest, refer to Publication 892, How to Appeal an IRS Determination on Tax-
Exempt Status.

Fast Track Mediation (FTM) referred to in Publication 3498, The Examination Process,
generally doesn't apply now that we've issued this letter.

4. Request technical advice from the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Tax Exempt
   Government Entities) if you feel the issue hasn't been addressed in published precedent
   or has been treated inconsistently by the IRS.

If you're considering requesting technical advice, contact the person shown at the top of
this letter. If you disagree with the technical advice decision, you will be able to appeal to
the IRS Appeals Office, as explained above. A decision made in a technical advice
memorandum, however, generally is final and binding on Appeals.

If we don't hear from you

If you don't respond to this proposal within 30 calendar days from the date of this letter, we'll
issue a final adverse determination letter.

Contacting the Taxpayer Advocate Office is a taxpayer right

The Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS) is an independent organization within the IRS that can
help protect your taxpayer rights. TAS can offer you help if your tax problem is causing a
hardship, or you've tried but haven't been able to resolve your problem with the IRS. If you
qualify for TAS assistance, which is always free, TAS will do everything possible to help you.
Visit www.taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov or call 877-777-4778.

For additional information
You can get any of the forms and publications mentioned in this letter by visiting our website at
www.irs.gov/forms-pubs or by calling 800-TAX-FORM (800-829-3676).

If you have questions, you can contact the person shown at the top of this letter.

Sincerely,

By John Matias
Supervisory Internal Revenue Agent
For Sean E. O'Reilly
Director, Exempt Organizations
Examinations

Enclosures:
Form 886-A
Form 6018

Letter 3618 (Rev. 8-2019)
Catalog Number 34809F

Form 886-A
Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Explanation of Items

Name of Taxpayer EIN Year/Period Ended

Issues:
Whether (Organization) continues to qualify for exemption from Federal
income tax under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section (Sec.) 501(c)(3).

Facts:
The Organization filed Form , Application for Recognition of Exemption Under Section
501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, on . Internal Revenue Service
Letter 947 granted the Organization exempt status as a 501(c)(3) on with an
effective date of exemption on . Further the letter shows the
Organization's "Public Charity Status" under IRC Sec. 170(b)(1)(a)(vi).

The Organization was founded by , and the Board of Directors
includes the , .

The Organization filed its Articles of Incorporation (Articles) with the State of on
stating its purpose as:

The Articles of Incorporation do not include a limiting clause or dissolution clause.

The Agent spoke with on . The said
started the Organization because , and wanted involved in charities.
said has only received one donation of about $ dollars (from ) during the time the
Organization has been in existence, and most of the things they have done have has been at
their own expense, which involved buying for in the neighborhood.

On , the Agent received a response to the Information Document Request, the
relevant parts follow, the responses (are in italics):

1. List the specific purpose for which formed

was formed to provide ; and a legal and
structured way in which to perform charitable functions and give back to the community.
We had numerous ideas in which to do this. We planned and executed
for , provided water and snacks to and
numerous other activities which helped

2. Provide minutes of meetings from till
   All meeting [Sic.] were held with the executive members of
   which included , , , and
   . As very few activities were conducted the meeting did not

Form 886-A (Rev.4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: 1

contain a lot of information. The meeting included under new business a general
discussion of activities which we were going to attempt to perform during the year. There
was no old business.

The meeting [Sic.] were held quarterly and were informal in nature

3. Detailed description of activities.

A. The activities performed that I can recall specifics were our . A
[Sic.] was started which may have raised approximately
$ . This involved and and purchasing and
distributing them to in need.

B. No fees were ever charged for any of our services

The approximated his expenses were $ which included , ,
website development and hosting, utilities, and cost of goods distributed. Revenues were
approximately $ (from and ).

On the Agent spoke with the of the Organization. The Agent
received a brief summary document from , and the Agent had the questions. The
responses are in italics.

1. Were there any meeting minutes take in , as opposed to the summary provided?
   They were on an that was either lost or broken and no longer had them.

2. The only activity conducted was giving away . The Agent
   asked if there any flyers or brochures for this as evidence of the event and an example
   how they got the word out about the ?

3. The Agent asked the where did the money come from to pay for the expenses
   listed.
   said it was , is the only person who ever put money into the
   Organization, with the exception of $ dollars from and $
   from or

4. The Agent asked if currently had any events planned for Organization.
   Said no, the Organization was basically defunct.

Form 886-A (Rev.4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: 2

During this same conversation on , the was asked if would agree
to a voluntary revocation of the Organization tax exempt status. said was
working full time now and would agree to the voluntary revocation of the Organization exempt
status.

Law:
Internal Revenue Code (IRC)
IRC Sec. 501(c)(3) provides that an organization organized and operated exclusively for
charitable or educational purposes is exempt from Federal income tax, provided no part of its
net earnings inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.

IRC Sec. 509(a) General rule - For purposes of this title, the term "private foundation" means a
domestic or foreign organization described in section 501(c)(3) other than—

1. an organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A) (other than in clauses (vii) and
   (viii));
   (2) an organization which—
   (A) normally receives more than one-third of its support in each taxable year from
   any combination of—
   (i) gifts, grants, contributions, or membership fees

Treasury Regulations (Treas. Reg.)

Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.501(c)(3)-1(a)(1) states that in order to be exempt as an organization
described in section 501(c)(3), an organization must be both organized and operated
exclusively for one or more of the purposes specified in such section. If an organization fails to
meet either the organizational test or the operational test, it is not exempt.

Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(1) Organizational test - in general, states: 1) An organization is
organized exclusively for one or more exempt purposes only if its articles of organization
(referred to in this section as its articles) as defined in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph:
(a) Limit the purposes of such organization to one or more exempt purposes; and
(b) Do not expressly empower the organization to engage, otherwise than as an
insubstantial part of its activities, in activities which in themselves are not in
furtherance of one or more exempt purposes.

Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(4) Distribution of assets on dissolution. An organization is not
organized exclusively for one or more exempt purposes unless its assets are dedicated to an
exempt purpose. An organization's assets will be considered dedicated to an exempt purpose,
for example, if, upon dissolution, such assets would, by reason of a provision in the
organization's articles or by operation of law, be distributed for one or more exempt purposes, or
to the Federal Government, or to a State or local government, for a public purpose, or would be
distributed by a court to another organization to be used in such manner as in the judgment of
the court will best accomplish the general purposes for which the dissolved organization was
organized.

Form 886-A (Rev.4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: 3

Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) Operational test - Primary activities. An organization will be
regarded as operated exclusively for one or more exempt purposes only if it engages primarily
in activities which accomplish one or more of such exempt purposes specified in section
501(c)(3). An organization will not be so regarded if more than an insubstantial part of its
activities is not in furtherance of an exempt purpose.

Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.170A-9(f)(1)(ii) An IRC Sec. 170(b)(1)(A)(iv) Normally receives a substantial
part of its support from a governmental unit referred to in section 170(c)(1) or from direct or
indirect contributions from the general public ("publicly supported"). For purposes of this
paragraph (f), an organization is publicly supported if it meets the requirements of either
paragraph (f)(2) of this section (33 1/3 percent support test) or paragraph (f)(3) of this section
(facts and circumstances test). Paragraph (f)(4) of this section defines "normally" for purposes of
the 33 1/3 percent support test and the facts and circumstances test, and for new organizations
in the first five years of the organization's existence as a section 501(c)(3) organization.

Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.170A-9(f)(3)(i) an organization will not be treated as normally receiving a
substantial amount of governmental or public support unless the total amount of governmental
and public support normally received equals at least 10 percent of the total support normally
received by such organization.

Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.170A-9(f)(3)(ii)(B) Sources of support. The fact that an organization meets the
requirement of paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section through support from governmental units or
directly or indirectly from a representative number of persons, rather than receiving almost all of
its support from the members of a single family, will be considered evidence of an organization
being "publicly supported."

Organization's Position

The Organization's has indicated agreement with Government's position.

Government's Position

It is the Government's position; the Organization does not qualify for exemption from Federal
income tax under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section (Sec.) 501(c)(3).

The Government's position in two parts; 1) the Organization does not meet the organizational
test, 2) the Organization does not meet the operational test.

Organizational Test

Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.501(c)(3) generally requires three clauses appear in an organization's
organizational document:

1. An acceptable purpose clause (Treas. Reg. section 1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(1)(i)(a))
2. Not include a powers clause which is too broad (Treas. Reg. section
   1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(1)(i)(b))
3. Include a dissolution clause (Treas. Reg. section 1.501(c)(3)-1(b)(4))

Form 886-A (Rev.4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: 4

The Organization's articles have a purpose clause. The articles do not contain any clauses or
statements limiting its activities exclusively in the furtherance of IRC Sec. 501(c)(3). Additionally,
the articles do not have a dissolution clause which would provide transfer of Organization's
asset to another IRC Sec. 501(c)(3) organization in the event the Organization were to dissolve.

Thus, the Organization does not meet the Organizational test and does not qualify for
exemption under IRC Sec. 501(c)(3).

Operational Test

Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.501(c)(3)-1(c)(1) Provides an organization will be regarded as operated
exclusively for one or more exempt purposes only if it engages primarily in activities which
accomplish one or more of such exempt purposes specified in section 501(c)(3). An
organization will not be so regarded if more than an insubstantial part of its activities is not in
furtherance of an exempt purpose.

The stated the Organization was defunct and was not conducting any activities. The
stated has a , and started the Organization as a place so
could work with charities.

The stated, "very few activities were conducted". Additionally, stated, "The
activities performed that I can recall" was a , for in the area.
said they also provided water and snacks for . The was
not able to provide flyers or documentation (board meeting minutes) as support that these
activities occurred. The was asked for the percentage of time devoted to these
activities but did not provide this. No statement of revenues, expenses, assets, or liabilities
(only an approximate summary in his response) was provided. Approximate revenues
(donations) were $ and approximate expenses were $ all paid by the

The has stated the Organization is defunct and no substantiation showing exempt
purpose activities were conducted. The Organization does not meet the requirements of the
operational test and does not qualify for exemption under IRC Sec. 501(c)(3).

Conclusion:

Based on the foregoing reasons, the Organization does not qualify for exemption under
section 501(c)(3) and its tax-exempt status should be revoked, effective

Form returns should be filed for the tax periods after

Form 886-A (Rev.4-68) Department of the Treasury - Internal Revenue Service
Page: 5