Sale of a nuclear power plant: transfer of its qualified decommissioning fund is tax-free, and the seller's assumed cleanup liability counts toward amount realized

Plain-English summary

A regulated utility group sold a nuclear power plant to a nuclear-decommissioning company in a deal treated as an asset sale. The plant came with a qualified nuclear decommissioning reserve fund, a trust set up under section 468A to hold money for the plant's eventual cleanup. The seller and buyer jointly asked the IRS to confirm how moving that fund to the buyer, along with the plant, would be taxed. The IRS ruled the transfer meets Treasury Regulation § 1.468A-6, so the fund stays qualified, neither the fund nor either party recognizes gain or loss on the transfer, and the fund's basis in its assets carries over unchanged. The IRS also ruled that the seller's amount realized includes the decommissioning liability the buyer assumes to the extent it exceeds the fund's value, and that the seller may treat that assumed liability as satisfying economic performance under § 1.461-4(d)(5), the rule for liabilities a buyer assumes when a business is sold. The upshot: the decommissioning trust can move with the plant without triggering current tax.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Can a qualified nuclear decommissioning fund be transferred with the plant tax-free, and how is the assumed cleanup liability treated for the seller?
• Outcome: Approved (all seven rulings granted in the taxpayers' favor).
• Key authorities: IRC § 468A; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.468A-5 and 1.468A-6; IRC § 461(h); Treas. Reg. § 1.461-4(d)(5); IRC § 1001(b) and Treas. Reg. § 1.1001-2.

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 202223009 Third Party Communication:
Release Date: 6/10/2022 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 468A.06-03 Person To Contact:
---------------, ID No. ------------
--------------------- Telephone Number:
-------------------------- --------------------
-------------------------------- Refer Reply To:
----------------------- CC:PSI:B06
PLR-119210-21
---------------------------- Date:
March 25, 2022
In Re: Request for Rulings Under Sections
461 and 468A of the Internal Revenue Code

LEGEND:
Seller = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Purchaser = ---------------------------------------------------
HoldCo = -----------------------------------------
Company A = ----------------------------------------------------
Company B = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
Company C = ------------------------
Company D = --------------------------------------------
Company E = -----------------------------------------------
Company F = --------------------------------------------------
Company G = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
State A = -------------
Plant = --------------------------------------------
Location = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------
Commission A = -------------------------------------------
Date A = -------------------
Date B = ------------------
Date C = --------------
a = -----
b = -----------------
PLR-119210-21 2

c = -----------------
d = ---------
e = --------
Director = -----------------------------------------------------

Dear ------------------:

FACTS

This letter responds to your joint request, dated --------------------------, for Rulings under
sections 461 and 468A of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) and § 1.468A-6(f)(2) of the
Income Tax Regulations regarding the transfer of qualified nuclear decommissioning
reserve funds.

Purchaser represents the facts and information relating to their request for rulings as the
following:

Company A, a State A corporation, is the common parent of an affiliated group of
corporations filing a consolidated federal income tax return on a calendar-year basis
using the accrual method of accounting. Company A is in the business of owning and
running regulated electric utilities and merchant power generations businesses. Seller
is a limited liability company formed under State A law and is taxed as a corporation.
Seller is indirectly and wholly owned by Company A. For income tax purposes, Seller
owns Plant through its wholly-owned, disregarded subsidiary HoldCo. Plant is subject
to the jurisdiction of Commission A.

Purchaser, an S corporation, files its federal income tax return on a calendar year basis
using the accrual method of accounting. Purchaser is in the business of nuclear
decommissioning and nuclear fuel management technologies. Company B is a wholly
owned State A limited liability company whose sole member, Company C, is a
subchapter S subsidiary of Purchaser. Company B is a disregarded entity of Company
C.

Plant is an a-Megawatt nuclear power plant located in Location. Plant is operated by
Company D an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Company A. Both Seller and
Company D hold a facility operating license issued by Commission A for Plant.

Seller maintains master nuclear decommissioning trusts (NDTs) that are dedicated to
the decommissioning of Plant. These trusts are named Trusts. The agreement with the
Trustee regarding the purpose and operation of each NDT authorizes the deposit and
holding of assets in two sub-trusts that are trusts under state law: one that meets the
requirement for a nuclear decommissioning reserve fund within the meaning of section
468A (Qualified Fund); and one that does not meet those requirements (Non-qualified
Fund). As of Date A, the assets of Plant Trusts had a fair market value of $b, which is
PLR-119210-21 3

comprised of a Qualified Fund with a fair market value of $c and a Non-qualified Fund
with a fair market value of $d.

On Date B, Seller and Purchaser executed a Membership Interest Purchase and Sale
Agreement (Purchase Agreement) providing for the acquisition by Purchaser of all the
equity interests in the disregarded entities that will own Plant (Transaction). Purchaser
and Seller represent that the Transaction will be treated as a sale of assets for U.S.
federal income tax purposes and is expected to close in Date C. The terms Purchase
Agreement require that on the date of Closing, Seller will transfer all membership
interests in HoldCo to Company B in consideration for $e and the assumption of the
associated decommissioning liability for Plant.

Prior to Closing, Seller will contribute all equity interest in HoldCo to Company E, that
will be disregarded for federal income tax purposes. At the Closing of the Transaction,
Company E will sell the equity interests in HoldCo to Company B.

Upon Closing of the Transaction, Purchaser will acquire ownership and beneficial
interests in the Plant’s NDTs (Fund Transfers). Additionally, Purchaser will assume all
liabilities related to Plant, including the Nuclear Decommissioning Liabilities (NDLs).

Purchaser’s Subsidiary, Company F, is intended to become the operator of Plant as
licensed by Commission A. Company F expects to engage Company G to perform the
decommissioning of Plant.

The above described transaction is subject to the jurisdiction of and must be approved
by Commission A. Upon Closing, the risk and responsibility for decommissioning of
Plant will be transferred to Purchaser.

Purchaser and Seller make further independent representations.

Seller Representations

Immediately prior to the Closing of the Transaction:

• Seller will have a qualifying interest in Plant within the meaning of Treas. Reg.
section 1.468A-1(b)(2);

• Seller will have maintained Plant Qualified Fund as a trust under applicable state
law for the exclusive purpose of providing funds for decommissioning;

• Seller will have maintained Qualified Fund as a separate fund and as the sole
qualified fund for Plant;

• Seller will not have made any contributions to the Qualified Fund other than
those for which a deduction will be allowed under section 468A;
PLR-119210-21 4

• The assets of the Qualified Fund will have been used exclusively to (A) satisfy, in
whole or in part, the liability for decommissioning costs of Plant, (B) pay
administrative costs and other incidental expenses of such Qualified Fund, and
(C) make investments, to the extent the assets of such Qualified Fund are not
needed to satisfy the purposes in (A) and (B) above;

• The trust agreement for the Qualified Fund provides that the assets in that
Qualified Fund must be used as authorized in section 468A and the regulations
thereunder, including the prohibition against self-dealing, and that the agreement
cannot be amended to violate such provisions; and

• The Qualified Fund did not engage in self-dealing.

Purchaser Representations

Immediately after the Closing of the Transaction:

• Purchaser will have a qualifying interest in Plant within the meaning of Treas.
Reg. section 1.468A-1(b)(2);

• Purchaser will maintain the Qualified Fund as a trust under applicable state law
for the exclusive purpose of providing funds for decommissioning;

• Purchaser will maintain the Qualified Fund as a separate and as the sole
qualified fund for Plant;

• Purchaser will not make contributions to the Qualified Fund other than those for
which a deduction is allowed under section 468A and the regulations thereunder;

• The assets of the Qualified Fund will be used to (A) satisfy, in whole or in part,
the liability for decommissioning costs of Plant, (B) pay administrative costs and
other incidental expenses of such Qualified Fund, and (C) make investments, to
the extent the assets of such Qualified Fund are not needed to satisfy the
purposes in (A) and (B) above;

• The trust agreement for the Qualified Fund will provide that the assets in the
Qualified Fund must be used as authorized in section 468A and the regulations
thereunder, including the prohibition against self-dealing, and that the agreement
cannot be amended to violate such provisions.

RULINGS REQUESTED

Seller has requested the following rulings:

(1) Plant Qualified Fund will not be disqualified by reason of the Fund Transfer.
PLR-119210-21 5

(2) Plant Qualified Fund will continue to be treated as satisfying the requirements of
section 468A and Treas. Reg. section 1.468A-5 following the Fund Transfer.

(3) Plant Qualified Fund will not recognize gain or loss by reason of the Fund
Transfer.

(4) Seller and Purchaser will not recognize gain or loss under section 468A by reason
of the Fund Transfer.

(5) The tax basis of Plant Qualified Fund in its assets will not change by reason of the
Fund Transfer.

(6) Seller’s amount realized from the Transaction will include the excess of the NDL
associated with Plant (if any) over the value of the Qualified Fund on the date of
the Transaction.

(7) To the extent that it is included in the Seller’s amount realized from the
Transaction, Seller will be entitled to treat the NDL for Plant as satisfying
economic performance under Treas. Reg. section 1.461-4(d)(5).

LAW AND ANALYSIS

Issues 1-5

Section 468A(a) of the Code provides that a taxpayer may elect to deduct
payments made to a nuclear decommissioning reserve fund that meets the
requirements of section 468A (i.e., a fund that is a "qualified nuclear decommissioning
fund").

Section 1.468A-1(b)(4) provides that a "qualified nuclear decommissioning fund"
is a fund that satisfies the requirements of section 1.468A-5.

Section 1.468A-5(a) of the Income Tax regulations sets out the qualification
requirements for nuclear decommissioning funds. It provides, in part, that a qualified
nuclear decommissioning fund must be established and maintained pursuant to an
arrangement that qualifies as a trust under state law.

Section 1.468A-5(a)(1)(iii) provides that an electing taxpayer can establish and
maintain only one qualified nuclear decommissioning fund for each nuclear power plant.
If a nuclear power plant is subject to the ratemaking jurisdiction of two or more public
utility commissions and any such public utility commission requires a separate fund to
be maintained for the benefit of ratepayers whose rates are established or approved by
the public utility commission, the separate funds maintained for such plant (whether or
not established and maintained pursuant to a single trust agreement) shall be
considered a single nuclear decommissioning fund.
PLR-119210-21 6

Section 1.468A-6 provides rules applicable to the transfer of an interest in a
nuclear power plant (and transfer of the qualified nuclear decommissioning fund) where
certain requirements are met. Specifically, section 1.468A-6(b) provides that section
1.468A-6 applies if—

(1) Immediately before the disposition, the transferor maintained a qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund with respect to the interest disposed of; and

(2) Immediately after the disposition—

      i.   The transferee maintains a qualified nuclear decommissioning fund with
           respect to the interest acquired;

      ii. The interest acquired is a qualifying interest of the transferee in the
          nuclear power plant;

(3) In connection with the disposition, either—

      i.   The transferee acquires part or all of the transferor’s qualifying interest in
           the plant and a proportionate amount of the assets of the transferor’s fund
           (all such assets if the transferee acquires the transferor’s entire qualifying
           interest in the fund) is transferred to a fund of the transferee;

      ii. The transferee acquires the transferor’s entire qualifying interest in the
          plant and the transferor’s entire fund is transferred to the transferee; and

(4) The transferee continues to satisfy the requirements of section 1.468A-5(a)(iii),
which permits an electing taxpayer to maintain only one qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund for each plant.

Section 1.468A-6(c) provides that a disposition that satisfies the requirements of
section 1.468A-6(b) will have the following tax consequences at the time it occurs:

    (1)(i) Neither the transferor nor the transferor’s qualified nuclear

decommissioning fund will recognize gain or loss or otherwise take any income into
account by reason of the transfer of a proportionate amount of the assets of the
transferor’s qualified nuclear decommissioning fund to the transferee’s qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund (or by reason of the transfer of the transferor’s entire qualified
nuclear decommissioning fund to the transferee). For purposes of the regulations under
section 468A, this transfer (or the transfer of the transferor’s qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund) will not be considered a distribution of assets by the transferor’s
qualified nuclear decommissioning fund.

   (ii) Notwithstanding § 1.468A-6(c)(1)(i), if the transferor has made a special

transfer under § 1.468A-8 prior to the transfer of the fund or fund assets, any deduction
PLR-119210-21 7

with respect to that special transfer allowable under § 468A(f)(2) for a taxable year
ending after the date of the transfer of the fund or fund assets is allowed under
§ 468A(f)(2)(C) for the taxable year that includes the date of the transfer of the fund or
fund assets.

    (2) Neither the transferee nor the transferee’s qualified nuclear decommissioning

fund will recognize gain or loss or otherwise take any income into account by reason of
the transfer of a proportionate amount of the assets of the transferor’s qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund to the transferee’s qualified nuclear decommissioning fund (or by
reason of the transfer of the transferor’s entire qualified nuclear decommissioning fund
to the transferee). For purposes of the regulations under section 468A, this transfer (or
the transfer of the transferor’s qualified nuclear decommissioning fund) will not
constitute a payment or a contribution of assets by the transferee to its qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund.

    (3) Transfers of assets of a qualified nuclear decommissioning fund to which this

section applies do not affect basis. Thus, the transferee’s qualified nuclear
decommissioning fund will have a basis in the assets received from the transferor’s
qualified nuclear decommissioning fund that is the same as the basis of those assets in
the transferor’s qualified nuclear decommissioning fund immediately before the
distribution.

Under section 1.468A-6(f), the Service may treat any disposition of an interest in
a nuclear power plant occurring after December 27, 1994, as satisfying the
requirements of the regulations if the Service determines that such treatment is
necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of section 468A.

Issue 6

Section 1001(b) provides that a seller's amount realized from the sale of property is the
sum of any money received plus the fair market value of the property (other than
money) received. Section 1.1001-2(a)(1) provides that a seller's amount realized from
the sale of property includes the amount of liabilities from which the seller is discharged
as a result of the sale.

The decommissioning liabilities from which Seller will be relieved are fixed and
determinable for purposes of § 461 and, as discussed below under Issue 7, are
described in § 1.461-4(d)(5). These amounts are included in amount realized. See §
1.461-4(d)(5). As an owner and operator of a nuclear-powered plant, Seller is required
by law to provide for eventual decommissioning, and the amount of Seller’s liability can
be determined with reasonable accuracy. Accordingly, the amount of Seller’s nuclear
decommissioning liability that is assumed by Purchaser in excess of the fair market
value of the assets in the qualified fund on the date of the transfer will be included in
Seller’s amount realized and taken into account in computing taxable income in the year
of the sale. As discussed above, the proposed transaction will not result in the
PLR-119210-21 8

disqualification of the Qualified Fund and Seller will not have any gain or income as a
result of the transfer of its interest in the assets of the Qualified Fund to Purchaser.
Because the transfer of the Qualified Fund by Seller to Purchaser will not be a taxable
transfer, the amount of the liabilities assumed by Purchaser that are included in Seller's
amount realized will not include the portion of the liability to decommission the plant that
is equal to the fair market value of the assets in the Qualified Fund on the date of the
transfer.

Issue 7

Section 1.446-1(c)(1)(ii)(A) provides that under an accrual method of accounting, a
liability is incurred and generally taken into account for federal income tax purposes in
the year in which all the events have occurred that establish the fact of the liability, the
amount of the liability can be determined with reasonable accuracy, and economic
performance has occurred with respect to the liability.

Section 461(h)(1) provides that, in determining whether an amount has been incurred
with respect to any item during any taxable year, the all events test shall not be
treated as met any earlier than when economic performance with respect to such item
occurs. See also § 1.461-4(a)(1). Section 461(h)(4) provides that the all events test is
met with respect to any item if all events have occurred that determine the fact of liability
and the amount of such liability can be determined with reasonable accuracy.

Section 461(h)(2)(B) provides that in the case of a liability that requires the taxpayer to
provide services, economic performance occurs as the taxpayer provides the services.
Section 1.461-4(d)(4)(i) provides that, except as otherwise provided in § 1.461-4(d)(5), if
a liability requires the taxpayer to provide services to another person, economic
performance occurs as the taxpayer incurs costs in connection with the satisfaction of
the liability. Section 1.461-4(d)(5) provides an exception to the general economic
performance rule for services where the taxpayer sells or exchanges a trade or
business. Where the purchaser expressly assumes a liability arising out of the
taxpayer's trade or business that the taxpayer but for the economic performance
requirement would have been entitled to incur as of the date of the sale, economic
performance with respect to that liability occurs as the amount of the liability is properly
included in the amount realized on the transaction by the taxpayer.

The first prong of the all events test requires that the fact of the liability be established at
the time of the deduction. This prong of the all events test is satisfied in the instant case
for Seller. Here, Seller, as an owner and operator of a nuclear-powered plant, was
required to obtain an operating license before commercial operations began. 10 C.F.R.
§ 50.10; see also 10 C.F.R. § 50.33(k)(1). Seller also has an obligation to seek license
termination. 10 C.F.R. §§ 50.82(a)(9) and (10). The license termination process
provides that a licensee shall take actions necessary to decommission and
decontaminate the facility. 10 C.F.R. §§ 50.51(b)(1) and 50.54(bb); see also 10 C.F.R. §
72.30. The fact of the obligation arose at the time Seller became subject to the
PLR-119210-21 9

decommissioning requirements associated with the plant's license. Moreover, Congress
recognized the existence of the decommissioning liability when, in 1984, it enacted §
461(h) and § 468A, noting that "[g]enerally, under Federal and State laws, utilities that
operate nuclear power plants are obligated to decommission the plants at the end of
their useful lives." H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 98-861, 877 (1984). See also S. Rept. No. 169,
Vol. 1, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 277 (1984).

The second prong of the all events test requires that the amount of the liability
can be determined with reasonable accuracy. See § 1.461-1(a)(2)(ii). This prong is
also satisfied. In the instant case, the amount of each seller’s decommissioning liability
has been determined by experts in the nuclear decommissioning industry. Their
estimates have been accepted by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which is
charged with ensuring that sufficient funds are available to decommission the plants. In
addition, there is also support in the Internal Revenue Code for finding that the amount
of the decommissioning liability can be determined with reasonable accuracy at the time
of sale. Section 468A(d) generally permits a current deduction for a "ruling amount,"
based on estimated future decommissioning expenses. To the extent the
decommissioning costs are sufficiently determinable to entitle a utility to a deduction
under § 468A, it is reasonable to conclude that the costs must also be sufficiently
determinable to satisfy the second prong of the all events test.

Conclusion

Based on the information submitted by Purchaser and Seller, we reach the following
conclusions:

Ruling #1: The Plant Qualified Fund will not be disqualified by the transfer from Seller to
Purchaser.

Ruling #2: The Plant Qualified Fund will continue to be treated as satisfying the
requirements of § 468A and § 1.468A-5 following the transfer of the Qualified Fund to
Purchaser.

Ruling #3: The Plant Qualified Fund will not recognize any gain or loss or otherwise take
any income or deduction into account by reason of the transfer of the Qualified Fund to
Purchaser.

Ruling #4: Seller and Purchaser will not recognize gain or loss under § 468A or
otherwise take any income or deduction into account under § 468A by reason of
transfer of the Qualified Fund to Purchaser.

Ruling #5: Pursuant to § 1.468A-6(c), the tax basis of the assets of the Qualified
Fund will not be changed by the transfer of the Qualified Fund to Purchaser.
PLR-119210-21 10

Ruling #6: Seller’s amount realized from the Transaction will include the excess of the
NDL associated with Plant (if any) over the fair market value the assets of the Plant
Qualified Fund on the Date of the Transaction.

Ruling #7: To the extent that it is included in Seller’s amount realized from the
Transaction, Seller will be entitled to treat the NDL for Plant as satisfying economic
performance under § 1.461-4(d)(5) of the Income Tax Regulations.

Except as specifically determined above, no opinion is expressed or implied
concerning the Federal income tax consequences of the transaction described above.
In particular, we express no opinion on whether the Transaction is treated as a sale of
assets for Federal income tax purposes. In addition, except as specifically determined
above, we express no opinion on the federal income tax consequences to Purchaser
resulting from the acquisition of assets and liabilities (including the nuclear-powered
electric generating plants and the nuclear decommissioning liabilities) of Seller.

This letter ruling is directed only to the taxpayer that requested it. Section
6110(k)(3) provides that this ruling may not be used or cited as precedent.
In addition, a copy of this letter ruling is being sent to the Directors.

                                               Sincerely,



                                               Patrick S. Kirwan
                                               Branch Chief, Branch 6
                                               Office of Associate Chief Counsel
                                               (Passthroughs & Special Industries)

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