Farmers' market denied Section 501(c)(5) status

Plain-English summary

A nonprofit operated a year-round farmers' market where member vendors paid membership and stall fees to sell locally produced food, crafts, and other goods. The organization argued that its members also supplied agricultural information, tours, compost, educational resources, and speakers to the community. The IRS found that those educational activities were incidental to the primary activity of operating and promoting a marketplace for members. Providing a sales location and advertising relieved vendors of work they would otherwise perform and delivered a direct business service for their economic benefit. Because the organization did not primarily improve conditions for farmers generally, improve product quality, or increase occupational efficiency, the IRS denied exemption under Section 501(c)(5). The organization did not protest the proposed decision, so it became final.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Did operating the member farmers' market qualify the organization as an exempt agricultural organization under Section 501(c)(5)?
• Outcome: Denied.
• Key authorities: IRC § 501(c)(5); Treas. Reg. § 1.501(c)(5)-1; Rev. Ruls. 66-105, 74-195, and 77-153

Full text (IRS public release)

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

P.O. Box 2508
Cincinnati, OH 45201

Release Number: 201824014
Release Date: 6/15/2018
UIL Code: 501.00-00
501.05-00
501.05-01

Date: March 20, 2018

Employer ID number:

Contact person/ID number:

Contact telephone number:

Form you must file:

Tax years:

Dear [redacted]:

This letter is our final determination that you don’t qualify for tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(5) of the
Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Recently, we sent you a proposed adverse determination in response to your
application. The proposed adverse determination explained the facts, law, and basis for our conclusion, and it
gave you 30 days to file a protest. Because we didn’t receive a protest within the required 30 days, the proposed
determination is now final.

You must file federal income tax returns for the tax years listed at the top of this letter using the required form
(also listed at the top of this letter) within 30 days of this letter unless you request an extension of time to file.

We’ll make this final adverse determination letter and the proposed adverse determination letter available for
public inspection (as required under Section 6110 of the Code) after deleting certain identifying information.
Please read the enclosed Notice 437, Notice of Intention to Disclose, and review the two attached letters that
show our proposed deletions. If you disagree with our proposed deletions, follow the instructions in the Notice
437 on how to notify us. If you agree with our deletions, you don’t need to take any further action.

If you have questions about this letter, you can contact the person listed at the top of this letter. If you have
questions about your federal income tax status and responsibilities, call our customer service number at
1-800-829-1040 (TTY 1-800-829-4933 for deaf or hard of hearing) or customer service for businesses at
1-800-829-4933.

Letter 4040 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47635Z

Sincerely,

Stephen A. Martin
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings and Agreements

Enclosures:

Notice 437
Redacted Letter 4034, Proposed Adverse Determination under IRC Section 501(a) Other Than 501 (c)(3)

Redacted Letter 4040, Final Adverse Determination under IRC Section 501(a) Other Than 501 (c)(3) - No
Protest

Letter 4040 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47635Z

Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service

P.O. Box 2508
Cincinnati, OH 45201

Date: January 11, 2018

Employer ID number:
Contact person/ID number:
Contact telephone number:

Contact fax number:

Legend: UIL: 501.00-00, 501.05-00, 501.05-01

B = State
C = Date of formation
d percent = Number
Dear [redacted]:

We considered your application for recognition of exemption from federal income tax under Section 501(a) of
the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Based on the information provided, we determined that you don’t qualify
for exemption under Section 501(c)(5) of the Code. This letter explains the basis for our conclusion. Please
keep it for your records.

Issues
Do you qualify for exemption under Section 501(c)(5) of the Code? No, for the reasons stated below.
Facts

You were incorporated in the state of B on C. Per your Articles of Incorporation, you were formed to provide a
market where local farmers, producers, crafters, artisans, and nonprofit groups come together to offer a variety
of fresh produce and related products directly to the public. The market connects the community with local food
growers and producers and encourages social gathering and community building.

Per your Bylaws, your purpose is to act on behalf of your members to administer, operate, and promote the
market as a sales outlet for the local producers of farm produce, as well as other crafts and goods approved for
sale by your Board of Directors.

You operate a farmers' market year-round, once or twice per week, depending on the season. This activity
accounts for approximately d percent of your time. Your remaining time is used to hold a Farm to Table Dinner,
an event which serves both as a fundraiser and a means to connect the community with local farmers, with all
products used in the dinner being locally grown or produced.

You have an agreement with the town for the free use of local parks to hold your spring-autumn market. The
winter market takes place at a church.

2

In order to sell goods at your market, a vendor must apply and be accepted as a member. Any local landowner
or resident whose goods meet your guidelines is eligible to become a member and to sell at your market, space
permitting. The number of vendors already selling a similar product may affect the chances of a membership
application being accepted. Members have voting rights.

All items for sale at the market must be homegrown, handmade, and/or vendor-created from locally owned
operations. The purchase (or other acquisition) of items that are not produced by the vendor for resale at the
market is strictly prohibited and will lead to the immediate termination of membership.

There are five vendor categories:

• Farmer/Grower (they make up the majority of your vendors)
• Producer (this category is distinguished from the Farmer/Grower and consists of those who sell prepared
  foods for human consumption, such as baked goods, canned goods, cheese, butter, etc.)
• Artisan/Crafter (this category makes up only a small percentage of total market stalls)

• Prepared Food (vendors who create/prepare food on site)

• Non-Profit Organizations (one stall only)

Vendors pay membership and stall fees, except for the non-profit organizations, which are not charged a fee.
There is space for only one non-profit organization. The membership fees are the primary source of your
revenue. The vendors can pay for their stall for the whole season or on a daily basis.

You also generate additional funds from the Farm to Table dinner and from a food stand you maintain at the
market. Funds are mainly expended to operate the market, including wages for the market manager, signage,
licensing, office expenses, and insurance. Additional expenses are associated with the Farm to Table Dinner and
contributions, including a recent donation to the town for playground equipment.

Law

Section 501(c)(5) of the Code provides for the exemption from federal income tax of labor, agricultural, or
horticultural organizations.

Treasury Regulation Section 1.501(c)(5)-1 describes organizations covered by Code Section 501(c)(5) as labor,
agricultural, and horticultural organizations that have no net earnings inuring to the benefit of any member and
have as their object the betterment of the conditions of persons engaged in those pursuits, the improvement of
the grade of their products, and the development of a higher degree of efficiency in their respective occupations.

Revenue Ruling 66-105, 1966-1 C.B. 145, held that an organization composed of agricultural producers whose
principal activity is marketing livestock as an agent for its members does not qualify for exemption. The sale of
members’ products with the return to them of the sale proceeds is neither an object nor an activity within the
ambit of Section 501(c)(5) of the Code. Therefore, the organization does not meet the requirements of Treas.
Reg. Section 1.501(c)(5)-1 and is not exempt under Section 501(c)(5).

Rev. Rul. 74-195, 1974-1 C.B. 135, held that a nonprofit organization formed to manage, graze, and sell its
members’ cattle did not of itself better the conditions of those engaged in agricultural pursuits, improve the
grade of their products, or develop a higher degree of efficiency in their operations within the meaning of

Letter 4034 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47628K

3

Section 501(c)(5) of the Code. The principal purpose of the organization was to provide a direct business
service for its members’ economic benefit. The organization was denied exemption under Section 501(c)(5) of
the Code.

Rev. Rul. 77-153, 1977-1 C.B. 147, held that a nonprofit organization that owns and operates a livestock facility
and leases it to local members of a nonexempt national association of farmers for use in implementing the
association’s collective bargaining program with processors does not qualify for exemption as an agricultural
organization. The operation and leasing of a facility for collecting, weighing, sorting, grading, and shipping of
livestock, the organization’s principal activity, is the providing of a business service to those members who
make use of the national association’s collective bargaining program. This service merely relieves the members
of the organization of work they would either have to perform themselves or have performed for them. Such
activity does not serve an exempt purpose of an agricultural organization under Treas. Reg. Section 1.501(c)(5)-

1. Accordingly, the organization does not qualify for exemption from federal income tax under Section
   501(c)(5) of the Code as an agricultural organization.

Application of law

You do not meet the requirements to be exempt under Section 501(c)(5) of the Code as described in Treas. Reg.
Section 1.501(c)(5)-1 because your activities are not aimed at the overall betterment of conditions within the
farming industry. Rather, you provide an economic benefit for your members. You are providing, for a fee, a
location, as well as related advertising, for members to sell their goods. Where members would otherwise have
to promote and sell their goods themselves, you are relieving them of this responsibility by providing the
service of operating the farmers’ market. An organization whose principal activity is the provision of a business
service for its members is precluded from exemption under Section 501(c)(5).

You are similar to the organization in Rev. Rul. 66-105 because acting as an outlet for the sales of members
products, where the proceeds are returned to the members, neither an object nor an activity within the ambit of
Section 501(c)(5) of the Code.

Also, like the organization described in Rev. Rul. 74-195, you are providing an outlet for sales of members’
products. This is a direct business service for the members’ economic benefit. You are not bettering the
conditions of those engaged in agricultural pursuits, improving the grade of their products, or developing a
higher degree of efficiency in their operations. Your primary activity of operating a market for the sale of
members’ products precludes exemption under Section 501(c)(5) of the Code.

You are also like the organization described in Rev. Rul. 77-153. Your operation of a farmers’ market to
facilitate the sale of member products is the providing of a business service for members. The service merely
relieves your members of work they would either have to perform themselves or have performed for them and
does not serve the exempt purpose of a Section 501(c)(5) agricultural organization.

Your position

You said that your operations are similar to those of the farm bureau described in Rev. Rul. 57-466. Due to your
location, limited growing season, and local emphasis on forestry, hunting, and fishing, the agricultural resources
in your local area are very limited. For example, schools in the area don't have agricultural programs and
communities don't have FFA chapters or 4-H clubs. Your members come from a wide region (one

Letter 4034 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47628K

4

encompassing a number of counties) and provide a diverse resource for agricultural information, expertise, and
experience. Community members, students, and organizations can ask questions as well as seek information and
advice from any of your members. In addition, you cooperate with local organizations, such as providing
compost for a daycare center to develop a learning garden, giving farm tours to local schools and service
organizations, providing resources for student projects, and serving as guest speakers at local meetings and
events. For these reasons, you contend that you are a primary source of agricultural information and education
and that your activities advance and improve agriculture. In addition to the educational activities explained
above, you also actively market the products of your members in a manner you believe to be similar to the cited
farm bureau.

Our response to your position

Although you engage in activities to educate the community on agricultural subjects, such activities are
incidental to your primary activity of promoting and operating a marketplace so that your member-vendors can
more readily sell their products. This primary activity constitutes the provision of a direct business service to
your members for their economic benefit and precludes exemption under Section 501(c)(5) of the Code.

Regarding the farm bureau described in Rev. Rul. 57-466, although its charter provides that it may market
agricultural products for producers, there is no indication in the revenue ruling that it actually engages in any
such activity. Even if it were to do so, the facts presented in the ruling suggest that the educational activities
traditionally conducted by farm bureaus would make up that organization's primary activity, thus qualifying it
for exemption under Section 501(c)(5) despite the organization also being engaged in minor activities that may
be unrelated to its exempt purpose.

Conclusion

Based on the information provided, we conclude that you are not operated as an organization described in
Section 501(c)(5) of the Code. You were not formed to better the conditions of farmers as a whole, to improve
the grade of their products, or to develop a higher degree of efficiency in their respective occupations. Rather,
you were formed to provide a direct business service for your members’ economic benefit. Accordingly, you do
not qualify for exemption under Section 501(c)(5).

If you don’t agree

You have a right to file a protest if you don’t agree with our proposed adverse determination. To do so, you
must send a statement to us within 30 days of the date of this letter. The statement must include:

• Your name, address, employer identification number (EIN), and a daytime phone
  number

• A copy of this letter highlighting the findings you disagree with

• An explanation of why you disagree, including any supporting documents

• The law or authority, if any, you are relying on

Letter 4034 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47628K

5

• The signature of an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is authorized to sign for the
  organization, or your authorized representative

• One of the following declarations:

For an officer, director, trustee, or other official who is authorized to sign for the organization:
Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I examined this protest statement, including

accompanying documents, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the statement contains all
relevant facts and such facts are true, correct, and complete.

For authorized representatives:

Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I prepared this protest statement, including
accompanying documents, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, the statement contains all
relevant facts and such facts are true, correct, and complete.

Your representative (attorney, certified public accountant, or other individual enrolled to practice before the
IRS) must file a Form 2848, Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative, with us if he or she hasn’t
already done so. You can find more information about representation in Publication 947, Practice Before the
IRS and Power of Attorney.

We’ll review your protest statement and decide if you provided a basis for us to reconsider our determination. If
so, we’ll continue to process your case considering the information you provided. If you haven’t provided a
basis for reconsideration, we’ll forward your case to the Office of Appeals and notify you. You can find more
information about the role of the Appeals Office in Publication 892, How to Appeal an IRS Decision on Tax-
Exempt Status.

If you don’t file a protest within 30 days, you can’t seek a declaratory judgment in court at a later date because
the law requires that you use the IRS administrative process first (Section 7428(b)(2) of the Code).

Where to send your protest
Please send your protest statement, Form 2848, if needed, and any supporting documents to the applicable
address:

U.S. mail: Street address for delivery service:
Internal Revenue Service Internal Revenue Service

EO Determinations Quality Assurance EO Determinations Quality Assurance
Room 7-008 550 Main Street, Room 7-008

P.O. Box 2508 Cincinnati, OH 45202

Cincinnati, OH 45201

You can also fax your statement and supporting documents to the fax number listed at the top of this letter. If
you fax your statement, please contact the person listed at the top of this letter to confirm that he or she received
it.

Letter 4034 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47628K

4

If you agree

If you agree with our proposed adverse determination, you don’t need to do anything. If we don’t hear from you
within 30 days, we’ll issue a final adverse determination letter. That letter will provide information on your
income tax filing requirements.

You can find all forms and publications mentioned in this letter on our website at www.irs.gov/formspubs. If

you have questions, you can contact the person listed at the top of this letter.

Sincerely,

Stephen A. Martin
Director, Exempt Organizations
Rulings and Agreements

Enclosure:
Publication 892

Letter 4034 (Rev. 7-2014)
Catalog Number 47628K