Court-approved trust divisions avoid gift and estate tax and generally preserve income tax treatment

Plain-English summary

Two continuing trusts created after a grantor retained annuity trust ended proposed dividing their assets into separate successor trusts for each of the grantor's two sons and their respective descendants. A state court approved the modifications subject to receiving an IRS ruling, and the divisions would preserve the beneficiaries' economic interests while first satisfying an existing equalization obligation. The IRS ruled that the modifications and later divisions would not make taxable gifts or cause trust assets to enter a beneficiary's gross estate under IRC §§ 2035 through 2038. Separately administered successor trusts would be recognized as separate trusts, and pro rata divisions of post-equalization property would not create income, gain, loss, or distributable-net-income consequences. Each successor trust would generally carry over the divided assets' basis, but appreciated property used in kind to satisfy the fixed equalization distribution would trigger gain.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: What gift, estate, trust-income, gain-recognition, and basis consequences follow from dividing the two family trusts into separate successor trusts?
• Outcome: Approved. The divisions generally caused no transfer tax or income recognition and preserved basis, subject to gain on appreciated property used for the equalization distribution.
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 61, 1001, 1015, 2035 through 2038, 2501, 643(f), 661, 662; Treas. Reg. §§ 1.1001-1(h), 1.661(a)-2(f)

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 201722007
Release Date: 6/2/2017
Index Number: 1001.00-00, 1015.00-00,
2036.00-00, 2037.00-00,
2038.00-00, 2501.00-00, Person To Contact:
61.00-00, 643.00-00, 661.00- ------------------------------, ID No. ------------
00, 662.00-00 ---------
Telephone Number:
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----------------------------------- Refer Reply To:
--------------------------------------------- CC:PSI:B04 – PLR-125870-16
---------------------------------------------- PLR-125871-16

                                                           Date: February 16, 2017




     ---------------------------------------------------

Legend

Date 1 = ----------------------------
Date 2 = --------------------------
Date 3 = -------------------
Grantor = -----------------------------------------------------------
Trustee = -----------------------------------------------------
Trustee = ------------------------
GRAT = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Trust 1 = --------------------------------------------------------------------

Trust 2 = --------------------------------------------------------------------------

State = --------------
Co-Trustees = -------------------------------------------------------
Son 1 = -------------------------------------------------------------
Son 2 = ---------------------------------------------------
Corporation =---------------------------------------------
State Statute 1 = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -
State Statute 2 = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Court = -------------------------------------------------
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Dear ----------------:

   This letter responds to correspondence, dated August 17, 2016 requesting

rulings regarding the income, gift, and estate tax consequences of a proposed
modification of two trusts.

   The facts submitted and the representations made are as follows. Grantor is a

resident of State. Grantor has two sons, Son 1 and Son 2. Both sons are under the
age of 35. Grantor has no other children, deceased children, grandchildren, or more
remote descendants. No additional children are expected to be born to Grantor.

   On Date 1, Grantor created a Grantor Retained Annuity Trust (“GRAT”). The

retained term expired on Date 2 at which time the remaining assets in GRAT became
subject to a continuing trust, Trust 1, for Grantor’s two sons.

    On Date 2, GRAT owned shares in Corporation, an S corporation. In order to

allow continued qualification as an S corporation shareholder, the Co-Trustees,
pursuant to paragraph 5.16 of GRAT, divided the shares in Corporation into a separate
trust, Trust 2, and made an electing small business trust (“ESBT”) election consistent
with § 1361(e). Spouse and Corporate Trustee are Co-Trustees of Trust 1 and Trust 2
(collectively “Trusts”).

   Pursuant to Article Second, paragraph 2.1(a), until the earlier of (a) the death of

the last living child of Grantor, or (ii) the date upon which the youngest living child of
Grantor attains the age of 35 (the “Original Division Date”), the Co-Trustees of Trust 1
are to pay to or apply for the benefit of Son 1 and Son 2 so much of the income or
principal as may be necessary for their health, education, maintenance, and support.

    Paragraph 2.1(b) provides that upon the Original Division Date, the Co-Trustees

of Trust 1 are directed to distribute principal of the trust to Grantor’s lineal descendants,
subject to the equalization provision in paragraph 2.1(b(1) (the “Equalization
Distribution”). The Equalization Distribution requires the Co-Trustees of Trust 1 to first
distribute to Son 1 cash, securities, and/or other property to take into account the value
of certain gifts made to Son 2 prior to GRAT's creation. After the Equalization
Distribution to Son 1, the balance of Trust 1 is divided equally between Son 1 and
Son 2, if both sons are living on the Original Division Date.

   Paragraph 2.1(b) also provides that if either son predeceases the Original

Division Date, his descendants, if any, will take in per stirpes shares the property that
such deceased son would have received if he was then living. If a son predeceases the
Original Division Date without any surviving descendants, the other son (or his
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descedants, if any) will take the property of the deceased son. If both sons predecease
age 35 without surviving descendants, upon the death of the last son to die, the
remaining trust property passes to the descendants of Grantor’s siblings. These
beneficiaries are referred to as “contingent beneficiaries.”

    Trust 2 provides nearly identical terms to those in Trust 1, including an equalizing

distribution.

   State Statute 1 provides that a noncharitable irrevocable trust may be modified

on consent of the trustee and all beneficiaries if the court concludes that modification is
not inconsistent with a material purpose of the trust.

   State Statute 2 provides, in relevant part, that a trust may be divided into two or

more separate trusts on petition by a trustee or beneficiary if the court is satisfied that
such division will not defeat or materially impair the accomplishment of trust purposes or
interests of the beneficiaries.

   The Co-Trustees of Trust 1 and the Trust 2 propose to modify Trusts to vest an

independent trustee with discretion to divide Trusts’ assets into two separate trusts
(“Successor Trusts”), where each Successor Trust will benefit one of Grantor’s sons,
and the descendants of such son if he dies before attaining the age of 35. Provided a
son survives to age 35, only that son would be eligible for distributions from his
Successor Trust. If a son dies prior to age 35, his descendants, if any, would be eligible
to receive the remainder of that son’s Successor Trust, or if such son has no
descendant then living, the remainder interest would pass to his brother, or the brother’s
descendants, if any. If both sons predecease the age of 35 years without leaving any
surviving descendants, the same contingent beneficiaries receive the remainder of their
Successor Trusts.

    Successor Trusts provide for a Final Distribution Date which is defined as the

earlier of (a) the death of the last living child of Grantor, or (ii) the date upon which the
youngest living child of Grantor attains the age of 35. The modifications and any future
divisions of the Trusts are pursuant to authority granted under State Statutes 1 and 2
and only after approval by a court of competent jurisdiction in State.

   Pursuant to the modifications of Trusts, the Co-Trustees will have the authority to

establish and fund Successor Trusts prior to the Original Division Date in part or in
whole at any time the Co-Trustees deem appropriate. When funding Successor Trusts,
the Co-Trustees shall first satisfy the Equalization Distribution owed to the Successor
Trust for Son 1’s benefit.
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   The provisions of each Successor Trust will continue to be governed by the

terms of Trusts, except that as long as there are any living descendants of Son 1 or
Son 2, distributions of income and principal will be limited to the son and descendants of
that particular son’s family line. Pursuant to Successor Trusts, Son 1 may become the
sole trustee of his trust and Son 2 may become the sole trustee of his trust. In all other
respects, the terms of Successor Trusts will be identical to Trusts.

    After satisfying the Equalization Distribution, if and when the Co-Trustees decide

to distribute any remaining assets in funding the Successor Trusts, the Co-Trustees of
the Trusts will fund the Successor Trusts by allocating a pro-rata portion of each and
every asset of the post-equalization property between the Successor Trusts.

   The Co-Trustees filed petitions for the modifications of Trusts with Court, to

which all beneficiaries consented. On Date 3, Court issued orders (Orders) approving
the modifications of Trusts effective upon the receipt of a private letter ruling from the
Internal Revenue Service.

    Co-Trustees petitioned to modify Trusts for the following reasons: (i) The

modifications will provide for the Grantor’s sons in a manner that equalizes Son 1 for
certain gifts made to Son 2 prior to GRAT’s creation on Date 1; (ii) The formula is
complicated and will become progressively more complicated with the passage of time.
(iii) The modifications will allow each son to participate in the management of his own
trust, as trustee, enhancing each son’s financial acumen and experience; and (iv) The
Equalization Distribution will trigger income taxes and the modifications will avoid
waiting longer to fund the Equalization Distribution which would further exacerbate the
potential income tax liability.

   You have requested the following rulings:

   1. The modifications of Trusts and any future divisions of Trusts into Successor

Trusts will not create or result in a transfer of property subject to federal gift tax under
§ 2501 of the Internal Revenue Code.

   2. The modifications of Trusts and any future divisions of Trusts into Successor

Trusts will not cause any portion of the assets of Trusts or Successor Trusts to be
includible in the gross estate of any beneficiary under § 2035, 2036, 2037, or 2038.

  3. The Successor Trusts will be treated as separate trusts for federal income tax

purposes pursuant to § 643(f).

   4. The modifications of Trusts and any future divisions of Trusts into Successor

Trusts will not result in treating any property as paid, credited, or distributed for
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purposes of § 661 or § 1.661(a)-2(f) of the Income Tax Regulations, and so will not
result in realization of any income, gain, or loss under § 661 or § 662 by Trusts,
Successor Trusts, or a beneficiary of the trusts. In addition, the modifications of Trusts
and any future divisions of Trusts into Successor Trusts will not result in the realization
of any income, gain or loss to Trusts, Successor Trusts, or a beneficiary of those trusts
under § 61 or § 1001, except to the extent the Equalization Distribution is funded in kind
with appreciated property.

   5. The modifications of Trusts and any future divisions of Trusts into Successor

Trusts will result in each Successor Trust holding its share of the respective Trust's
property with the same basis as it had when owned by such Trust at the time of division
into a Successor Trust under § 1015, except to the extent the Equalization Distribution
is funded in kind with appreciated property.

RULING 1

    Section 2501 imposes a tax for each calendar year on the transfer of property by

gift during such calendar year by any individual.

    Section 2511(a) provides that the gift tax applies whether the transfer is in trust

or otherwise, whether the gift is direct or indirect, and whether the property transferred
is real or personal, tangible or intangible.

    Section 25.2511-1(a) of the Gift Tax regulations provides that the gift tax applies

to a transfer by way of gift whether the transfer is in trust or otherwise, whether the gift
is direct or indirect, and whether the property is real or personal, tangible or intangible.

   Section 25.2511-1(c)(1) provides that the gift tax also applies to gifts indirectly

made. Any transaction in which an interest in property is gratuitously passed or
conferred upon another, regardless of the means or device employed, constitutes a gift
subject to tax.

    Section 25.2511-1(c)(2) provides, in relevant part, except in the case of a

qualified disclaimer, any disposition by a beneficiary, heir or next-of-kin whereby
ownership is transferred gratuitously to another constitutes the making of a gift by the
beneficiary, heir or next-of-kin.

    Section 25.2511-1(g)(1) provides that donative intent on the part of the transferor

is not an essential element in the application of the gift tax to the transfer. The
application of the tax is based on the objective facts of the transfer and the
circumstances under which it is made, rather than on the subjective motives of the
donor. However, there are certain types of transfers to which the tax is not applicable.
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It is applicable only to a transfer of a beneficial interest in property. It is not applicable
to a transfer of bare legal title to a trustee. A transfer by a trustee of trust property in
which he has no beneficial interest does not constitute a gift by the trustee.

    In this case, the modifications of Trusts and any future division of Trust 1 and

Trust 2 into Successor Trusts pursuant to Court Orders do not increase, decrease, or
otherwise change any beneficiary's beneficial interest in Trusts. Accordingly, based
upon the facts submitted and the representations made, the modifications of Trusts and
any future divisions of Trust 1 and Trust 2 into Successor Trusts will not create or result
in a transfer of property subject to federal gift tax under § 2501.

RULING 2

  Section 2033 provides that the value of the gross estate includes the value of all

property to the extent of the interest therein of the decedent at the time of his death.

    Section 2035(a) provides that if (1) the decedent made a transfer (by trust or

otherwise) of an interest in property, or relinquished a power with respect to any
property, during the three-year period ending on the date of the decedent's death, and
(2) the value of such property (or an interest therein) would have been included in the
decedent’s gross estate under § 2036, 2037, 2038, or 2042 if such transferred interest
or relinguished power had been retained by the decedent on the date of his death, the
value of the gross estate shall include the value of any property (or interest therein) that
would have been so included. Under § 2035(b), the amount of the gross estate shall be
increased by the amount of any gift tax paid by the decedent or his estate on any gift
made by the decedent or his spouse during the 3-year period ending on the date of the
decedent's death.

    Section 2036(a) provides that the value of the gross estate shall include the

value of all property to the extent of any interest therein of which the decedent has at
any time made a transfer (except in the case of a bona fide sale for an adequate
consideration in money or money's worth), by trust or otherwise, under which the
decedent has retained for his life or for any period not ascertainable without reference to
the decedent's death or for any period which does not in fact end before the decedent's
death (1) the possession or enjoyment of, or the right to the income from, the property,
or (2) the right, either alone or in conjunction with any person, to designate the persons
who shall possess or enjoy the property or the income therefrom.

   Section 2037(a) provides that the value of the gross estate shall include the

value of all property to the extent of any interest therein of which the decedent has at
any time made a transfer (except in the case of a bona fide sale for an adequate and full
consideration in money or money's worth), by trust or otherwise, if (1) the possession or
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enjoyment of the property can, through ownership of such interest, be obtained only by
surviving the decedent, and (2) the decedent has retained a reversionary interest in the
property and the value of the reversionary interest immediately before the death of the
decedent exceeds 5-percent of the value of the property.

   Section 2038(a)(1) provides that the value of the gross estate shall include the

value of all property to the extent of any interest therein of which the decedent has at
any time made a transfer (except in case of a bona fide sale for an adequate and full
consideration in money or money's worth), by trust or otherwise, where the enjoyment
thereof was subject at the date of the decedent's death to any change through the
exercise of a power (in whatever capacity exercisable) by the decedent alone or by the
decedent in conjunction with any other person (without regard to when or from what
source the decedent acquired such power), to alter, amend, revoke, or terminate, or
where any such power is relinquished during the 3-year period ending on the date of the
decedent's death.

   In order for §§ 2035 through 2038 to apply, a decedent must have made a

transfer of property or any interest therein (except in the case of a bona fide sale for an
adequate consideration in money or money's worth) under which the decedent retained
an interest in, or power over, the income or corpus of the transferred property. The
beneficiaries of Trusts and Successor Trusts will have the same interests after the
modification of Trusts and any future division of Trusts into Successor Trusts as they
have prior to the modifications and divisions. Therefore, nothing will be transferred by
them by reason of the modifications of Trusts and any future divisions of Trusts into
Successor Trusts. Accordingly, based upon the facts submitted and the representations
made, we conclude that the modifications of Trusts and any future divisions of Trust 1
and Trust 2 into Successor Trusts will not cause any portion of the assets of Trust 1 or
Trust 2 or Successor Trusts to be includible in the gross estate of any beneficiary under
§ 2035, 2036, 2037 or 2038 in the event that either Son 1 or Son 2 (or any other
beneficiary) dies before the Final Division Date.

RULING 3

   Section 643(f) provides that, for purposes of subchapter J of chapter 1 of subtitle

A, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, two or more trusts shall be treated as
one trust if (1) such trusts have substantially the same grantor or grantors and
substantially the same primary beneficiary or beneficiaries, and (2) a principal purpose
of such trusts is the avoidance of the tax imposed by chapter 1.

   Section 1806(b) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 provides that § 643(f) shall apply

to taxable years beginning after March 1, 1984; except that, in the case of a trust that
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was irrevocable on March 1, 1984, it shall apply only to that portion of the trust that is
attributable to contributions of corpus after March 1, 1984.

   Taxpayer represents that each Successor Trust will have different beneficiaries.

Based on the facts submitted and the representations made, we conclude that as long
as the Successor Trusts are separately managed and administered, they will be treated
as separate trusts for federal income tax purposes.

RULING 4 (Part 1)

   Section 61(a)(3) and (15) provides that gross income includes gains derived from

dealings in property and income from an interest in an estate or trust.

   Section 1001(a) provides that the gain from the sale or other disposition of

property is the excess of the amount realized over the adjusted basis provided in § 1011
for determining gain, and the loss is the excess of the adjusted basis provided in § 1011
for determining loss over the amount realized.

   Section 1001(b) provides that the amount realized from the sale or other

disposition of property shall be the sum of any money received plus the fair market
value of any property (other than money) received. Under § 1001(c) the entire amount
of gain or loss on the sale or exchange of property shall be recognized, except as
otherwise provided.

   Section 1.1001-1(a) provides that, except as provided in subtitle A, the gain or

loss realized from the exchange of property for other property differing materially either
in kind or in extent is treated as income of loss sustained.

   An exchange of property results in the realization of gain under § 1001 if the

properties exchanged are materially different. Cottage Savings Association v.
Commissioner, 499 U.S. 554 (1991). A material difference when the exchanged
properties embody legal entitlement different in kind or extent, or if they confer different
rights and powers. Id. at 565.

   Section 1.1001-1(h) provides that the pro-rata division or severance of any trust

pursuant to authority in an applicable state statute or pursuant to the governing
instrument is not an exchange of property differing materially either in kind or extent

   If the Trusts are divided into Successor Trusts, the Co-Trustees of Trusts will

allocate assets of Trusts to the Successor Trusts on a pro-rata basis after satisfying the
Equalization Distribution with respect to Son 1’s Successor Trust. The division of Trusts
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into the Successor Trusts serves primarily to effect the terms of GRAT and does not
change the interests of the beneficiaries.

   Accordingly, based on the facts submitted and representations made, we

conclude that the modifications of Trusts and any future divisions of Trusts into
Successor Trusts pursuant to the modified terms of Trusts will not result in the
realization of any income, gain, or loss to Trusts, Successor Trusts, or a beneficiary of
any of those trusts under § 61 or § 1001 as a result of the division, except to the extent
the Equalization Distribution is funded in kind with appreciated property.

RULING 4 (Part 2)

    Section 661(a) provides that in any taxable year a deduction is allowed in

computing the taxable income of a trust (other than a trust to which subpart B applies),
for the sum of (1) the amount of income for such taxable year required to be distributed
currently; and (2) any other amounts properly paid or credited or required to be
distributed for such taxable year. However, such deduction shall not exceed the
distributable net income (DNI) of the estate or trust.

    Section 1.661(a)-2(f) provides that gain or loss is realized by the trust or estate

(or the other beneficiaries) by reason of a distribution of property in kind if the
distribution is in satisfaction of a right to receive a distribution of a specific dollar
amount, of specific property other than that distributed, or of income as defined under
§ 643(b) and the applicable regulations, if income is required to be distributed currently.

    Section 662(a) provides that there shall be included in the gross income of a

beneficiary to whom an amount specified in § 661(a) is paid, credited, or required to be
distributed (by an estate or trust described in § 661), the sum of the following amounts:
(1) the amount of income for the taxable year required to be distributed currently to such
beneficiary, whether distributed or not; and (2) all other amounts properly paid, credited,
or required to be distributed to such beneficiary for the taxable year.

    Rev. Rul. 82-4, 1982-1 C.B. 99, addresses the income tax results of the

distribution of an estate residue between two children, when one of two children is to be
first equalized for the value of a lifetime transfer to the other child. The ruling holds that
such equalizing distribution is a distribution in satisfaction of a right to receive a specific
dollar amount, and the estate may realize gain on distribution of appreciated property in
kind in satisfaction of that amount.

   In accordance with the conclusion that the post-equalization property divisions of

Trust 1 and Trust 2 will not result in gain or loss under § 61 or § 1001, we also conclude
that, based solely on the facts submitted and representations made, the proposed
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divisions of the post-equalization property will not result in income, gain or loss to the
trusts under § 661, § 662, or § 1.661(a)-2(f). Consistent with Rev. Rul. 82-4, gain will
be recognized on funding of Successor Trusts to the extent appreciated assets are used
to satisfy the Equalization Distribution in kind.

RULING 5

    Section 1015(a) provides that if the property was acquired by gift, the basis shall

be the same as it would be in the hands of the donor or the last preceding owner by
whom it was not acquired by gift, except that if the basis (adjusted for the period before
the date of the gift as provided in § 1016) is greater than the fair market value of the
property at the time of the gift then for the purpose of determining loss the basis shall be
the fair market value.

   Section 1.1015-2(a)(1) provides that in the case of property acquired after

December 31, 1920, by transfer in trust (other than by a transfer in trust by gift, bequest,
or devise) the basis of property so acquired is the same as it would be in the hands of
the grantor increased in the amount of gain or decreased in the amount of loss
recognized to the grantor on the transfer under the law applicable to the year in which
the transfer was made. If the taxpayer acquired the property by a transfer in trust, the
basis applies whether the property be in the hands of the trustee, or the beneficiary, and
whether acquired prior to the termination of the trust and distribution of the property, or
thereafter.

    Based on the facts submitted and representations made, we conclude the

modifications of Trusts and any future divisions of Trusts into Successor Trusts will
result in each Successor Trust holding its share of the respective Trust's property with
the same basis as it had when owned by such Trust at the time of division into a
Successor Trust under § 1015, except to the extent the Equalization Distribution is
funded with appreciated property in kind.

   Except as specifically ruled herein, we express no opinion on the federal tax

consequences of the transaction under the cited provisions or under any other
provisions of the Code.
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  This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer who requested it. Section

6110(k)(3) provides that it may not be used or cited as precedent.

                                     Sincerely,
                                     Lorraine E. Gardner
                                     Lorraine E. Gardner
                                     Senior Counsel, Branch 4
                                     Office of Associate Chief Counsel
                                     (Passthroughs and Special Industries)

Enclosure:
Copy for section 6110 purposes