Divorce settlement trust avoids gain, gift, and most estate inclusion

Plain-English summary

A divorcing husband proposed transferring half of his company shares to an irrevocable trust for his wife in exchange for her marital rights and property claims. The wife would receive all trust income and could receive discretionary principal, while the remaining trust property would return to the husband or his estate at her death. The IRS ruled that the wife would recognize no gain or loss if the transfer occurred under the settlement within six years after the divorce. It also ruled that the wife would not be treated as making a gift or as the trust's transferor. Except for any unexercised annual withdrawal right and income payable at death, the trust assets would not be included in her gross estate under sections 2036, 2038, 2039, or 2041.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: What income, gift, and estate tax consequences would the proposed divorce settlement trust have for the wife?
• Outcome: approved, subject to the stated timing, document, and withdrawal-right conditions
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 1041, 2036, 2038, 2039, 2041, 2516, and 2702; Temp. Treas. Reg. § 1.1041-1T

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 201707008 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 2/17/2017 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 1041.00-00, 2601.03-01,
2041.03-00, 2514.00-00 Person To Contact:
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------------------------------------- Telephone Number:
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Refer Reply To:
CC:PSI:B04
------------------------------------------------------------ PLR-116467-16
----------------- Date:
October 31, 2016

Legend

Husband -----------------------------------------------------------------
Wife -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date ----------------------------
Year -------
Company ------------------
a -
b ----

Dear ---------------------:

    This letter responds to your authorized representative’s letter dated

May 12, 2016, requesting income, gift, estate, and generation-skipping transfer (GST)
tax rulings with respect to a transfer from a trust.

     The facts and representations submitted are summarized as follows:

   Husband and Wife were married on Date. Husband and Wife separated in Year,

and later that year, Husband filed for divorce.

    Husband and Wife negotiated a proposed settlement agreement regarding

marital support obligations and property rights. The proposed settlement agreement
provides for the establishment of a trust for the benefit of Wife. The trust will be initially
funded with half of Husband’s shares in Company. Wife will receive all of the net
income of the trust annually. The trustee has the discretion to make distributions of
principal to Wife, but is prohibited from distributing Company shares to her or from
selling Company shares in order to make such principal distributions. In addition, when
the trust holds assets other than Company stock, Wife will have the right to withdraw the
PLR-116467-16 2

greater of $a or b percent of the principal for the trust each year. Trust does not grant
Wife any powers to appoint trust property either during her life or upon death. In
exchange, Wife will relinquish all marital rights and property claims that she might have
acquired while married to Husband. Upon Wife’s death, the remaining trust principal will
revert to Husband, or Husband’s estate if Husband predeceases Wife. The proposed
settlement agreement does not become final or binding upon Husband and Wife until
the receipt of a favorable private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service.

   You have requested the following rulings:

1. Wife will not recognize any income tax gain or loss upon the creation of the
   trust pursuant to § 1041.

2. Sections 2501 and 2702(c) will not apply to cause Wife to be treated as having
   made a gift of an interest in the trust to any other person or persons, and she
   is not deemed to be a transferor for purposes of the federal gift tax.

3. Except to the extent of any unexercised withdrawal right held by Wife at her
   death, none of the assets of the trust will be included in Wife’s gross estate for
   federal estate tax purposes under §§ 2036, 2038, 2039, or 2041 or any other
   applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code.

LAW AND ANALYSIS

Ruling 1

   Section 1001(a) provides that the gain from the “sale or disposition of property” is

“the excess of the amount realized therefrom over the adjusted basis provided in § 1011
for determining gain,” and the loss is “the excess of the adjusted basis provided in such
section for determining loss over the amount realized.” Section 1001(c) provides that,
except as otherwise provided, “the entire amount of the gain or loss, determined under
this section, on the sale of exchange of property shall be recognized.”

  Section 1041(a) provides that no gain or loss shall be recognized on a transfer of

property from an individual to (or in trust for the benefit of) (1) a spouse, or (2) a former
spouse, but only if the transfer is incident to a divorce.

   Section 1041(b) provides that, in the case of any transfer of property described in

§ 1041(a), the property shall be treated as acquired by the transferee by gift, and the
basis of the transferee in the property shall be the adjusted basis of the transferor.

    Section 1041(c) provides that for purposes of § 1041(a)(2), a transfer of property

is incident to the divorce if the transfer occurs (1) within one year after the date on which
the marriage ceases, or (2) is related to the cessation of the marriage.
PLR-116467-16 3

   Section 1.1041-1T(b), Q&A-7, of the Temporary Income Tax Regulations

provides that a transfer of property is related to the cessation of the marriage if the
transfer is pursuant to a divorce or separation instrument, as defined in § 71(b)(2), and
the transfer occurs not more than six years after the date on which the marriage ceases.
A divorce or separation instrument includes a modification or amendment to such
decree or instrument.

   Husband proposes to transfer Company shares to an irrevocable trust for the

benefit of Wife. Under the terms of the trust, Wife will receive all net income from the
trust during life and may, at the discretion of the trustee, receive distributions of
principal. The trustee may not, however, distribute shares to Wife nor sell such shares
in order to make cash distributions to Wife. At the death of Wife, any remaining trust
principal will be distributed to Husband, or, should Husband predecease Wife,
Husband’s estate.

   Husband will transfer the shares of Company to the trust within six years after the

entry of the final judgment of divorce. In return, Wife will relinquish all marital rights and
property claims that she acquired while married to Husband. This arrangement is to be
formalized in a legally binding property settlement agreement between Husband and
Wife prior to the transfer of Company shares to the trust.

    Accordingly, based on the facts submitted and representations made, provided

that the transfer of Company shares to the trust occurs within six years of the entry of
final judgment of divorce and the terms of the trust and the proposed settlement
agreement as executed by Husband and Wife remain materially identical to those
submitted as part of Husband’s ruling request, we conclude that Wife will not recognize
gain or loss on the transfer of Company shares to the trust.

Ruling 2

  Section 2501(a)(1) imposes a tax for each calendar year on the transfer of

property by gift during the calendar year by any individual.

   Section 2511(a) provides that the gift tax applies whether the transfer is in trust

or otherwise, whether the gift is direct or indirect, and whether the property is real or
personal, tangible or intangible.

   Section 2512(b) provides that where property is transferred for less than an

adequate and full consideration in money or money’s worth, the amount by which the
value of the property exceeds the value of the consideration shall be deemed a gift.

  Section 2702(a)(1) provides, in general, that solely for purposes of determining

whether a transfer in trust to (or for the benefit of) a member of the transferor's family is
PLR-116467-16 4

a gift (and the value of such transfer), the value of any interest in such trust retained by
the transferor or by any applicable member of the transferor's family (as defined in
§ 2701(e)(2)) shall be determined as provided in paragraph (2).

   Section 2702(a)(2)(A) provides that the value of any retained interest which is not

a qualified interest shall be treated as zero.

   Section 25.2702-2(a)(3) of the Gift Tax Regulations provides that the term

“retained” means held by the same individual both before and after the transfer in trust.
In the case of the creation of a term interest, any interest in the property held by the
transferor immediately after the transfer is treated as held both before and after the
transfer.

    Section 2702(e) provides that the term “member of the family” has the meaning

given such term by § 2704(c)(2). Section 2704(c)(2) defines “member of the family” to
mean, with respect to an individual, (A) such individual's spouse, (B) any ancestor or
lineal descendant of such individual or such individual's spouse, (C) any brother or
sister of the individual, and (D) any spouse of any individual described in clause (B) or
(C).

   Section 2702(c)(1) provides that for purposes of this section, the transfer of an

interest in property with respect to which there is one or more term interests shall be
treated as a transfer of an interest in trust. Section 2702(c)(3) provides that the term
“term interest” means either a life interest in property, or an interest in property for a
term of years.

   Section 2702(a)(3)(A)(iii) provides that § 2702(a)(2) shall not apply to any

transfer to the extent that regulations provide that such transfer is not inconsistent with
the purposes of this section.

     Section 25.2702-1(c)(7) provides that § 2702 does not apply to a transfer in trust

if the transfer of an interest to a spouse is deemed to be for full and adequate
consideration by reason of § 2516 (relating to certain property settlements) and the
remaining interests in the trust are retained by the other spouse.

    Section 25.2702-4(d), Example 5, considers a situation where H and W enter into

a written agreement relative to their marital and property rights that requires W to
transfer property to an irrevocable trust, the terms of which provide that the income of
the trust will be paid to H for 10 years. On the expiration of the 10-year term, the trust is
to terminate and the trust corpus is to be paid to W. H and W divorce within two years
after the agreement is entered into. Pursuant to § 2516, the transfer to H would
otherwise be deemed to be for full and adequate consideration. Section 2702 does not
apply to the acquisition of the term interest by H because no member of H's family
acquired an interest in the property in the same transaction or series of transactions.
PLR-116467-16 5

The result would not be the same if, on the termination of H's interest in the trust, the
trust corpus were distributable to the children of H and W rather than W.

     In this case, under the terms of the proposed settlement agreement, Husband is

transferring property to the trust in exchange for Wife’s relinquishment of her marital
support and property rights. As mentioned above, the transfer will constitute a transfer
for full and adequate consideration under § 2516. Husband will retain the entire
remainder interest in Trust by reason of the reversion. Accordingly, based on the facts
submitted and representations made, we conclude that §§ 2501 and 2702(c) will not
apply to cause Wife to be treated as having made a gift of an interest in the trust to any
other person or persons, and she is not deemed to be a transferor for purposes of the
federal gift tax.

Ruling 3

   Section 2031(a) provides that the value of the gross estate of the decedent shall

be determined by including to the extent provided for in this part, the value at the time of
his death of all property, real or personal, tangible or intangible, wherever situated.

   Section 2033 provides that the value of the gross estate shall include the value of

all property to the extent of the interest therein of the decedent at the time of his death.

   Section 2036(a) provides that the value of the gross estate shall include the

value of all property to the extent of any interest therein of which the decedent has at
any time made a transfer (except in a case of a bona fide sale for adequate and full
consideration in money or money's worth), by trust or otherwise, under which he has
retained for his life or for any period not ascertainable without reference to his death or
for any period that does not in fact end before his death (1) the possession or
enjoyment of, or the right to the income from, the property, or (2) the right, either alone
or in conjunction with any person, to designate the persons who shall possess or enjoy
the property or the income therefrom.

    Section 2038(a)(1) provides that the value of the gross estate includes the value

of all property to the extent of any interest therein of which the decedent has at any time
made a transfer (except in the case of a bona fide sale for adequate and full
consideration in money or money's worth), by trust or otherwise, where the enjoyment
thereof was subject at the date of death to any change through the exercise of a power
by the decedent to alter, amend, revoke, or terminate the interest in the property or
where the decedent relinquished such power within the three-year period ending on the
date of the decedent's death.

   Section 2039(a) provides that the gross estate shall include the value of an

annuity payment or other payment receivable by any beneficiary by reason of surviving
the decedent under any form of contract or agreement entered into after March 1, 1931
PLR-116467-16 6

(other than as insurance under policies of the life of the decedent), if, under such
contract or agreement, an annuity or other payment was payable to the decedent, or the
decedent possessed the right to receive such annuity or payment, either alone or in
conjunction with another for his or her life or for any period not ascertainable without
reference to his death or for any period which does not in fact end before his death.

  Section 2039(b) provides that § 2039(a) applies to only such part of the value of

the payment receivable under an agreement as is proportionate to that part of the
purchase price therefor contributed by the decedent.

    Section 2041(a)(2) provides that the value of the gross estate shall include the

value of all property to the extent of any property with respect to which the decedent has
at the time of his death a general power of appointment created after October 21, 1942,
or with respect to which the decedent has at any time exercised or released such a
power of appointment by a disposition which is of such nature that if it were a transfer of
property owned by the decedent, such property would be includible in the decedent's
gross estate under sections 2035 to 2038, inclusive. For purposes of section
2041(a)(2), the power of appointment shall be considered to exist on the date of the
decedent's death even though the exercise of the power is subject to a precedent giving
of notice or even though the exercise of the power takes effect only on the expiration of
a stated period after its exercise, whether or not on or before the date of the decedent's
death notice has been given or the power has been exercised.

   In this case, Husband is the transferor of the trust, not Wife. Wife did not retain

any power to alter, amend, revoke, or terminate any interest in the proposed transfer.
Accordingly, §§ 2036 and 2038 do not apply. Section 2039(a) does not apply because
Wife has not paid any part of the purchase price for her interest in Trust as
contemplated by § 2039(b). Wife will receive all of the net income of the trust annually
and discretionary principal under certain conditions. Trust does not grant Wife any
powers to appoint trust property either during her life or upon her death. Upon Wife’s
death, her interest in the trust will terminate and the trust property will revert to Husband
or Husband’s estate. Therefore, § 2041 does not apply to cause the trust property to be
includible in Wife’s gross estate. However, if Wife predeceases Husband, and if Trust
holds assets other than Company shares, at that time, in addition to any trust income
payable to Wife upon her death, an amount equal to the greater of $a or b percent of
the non-Company share principal less any non-Company principal actually withdrawn
by Wife in the year of her death, will be includible in Wife’s gross estate.

   Accordingly, based on the facts submitted and representations made, we

conclude that except to the extent of any unexercised withdrawal right held by Wife at
her death, none of the assets of the trust will be included in Wife’s gross estate for
federal estate tax purposes under §§ 2036, 2038, 2039, or 2041.
PLR-116467-16 7

  In accordance with the Power of Attorney on file with this office, we have sent a

copy of this letter to your authorized representatives.

   Except as expressly provided herein, we neither express nor imply any opinion

concerning the tax consequences of any aspect of any transaction or item discussed or
referenced in this letter.

  The rulings contained in this letter are based upon information and

representations submitted by the taxpayer and accompanied by a penalty of perjury
statement executed by an appropriate party. While this office has not verified any of the
material submitted in support of the request for rulings, it is subject to verification on
examination.

  This ruling is directed only to the Taxpayer requesting it. Section 6110(k)(3)

provides that it may not be used or cited as precedent.

                                     Sincerely,



                                     Lorraine E. Gardner
                                     Lorraine E. Gardner
                                     Senior Counsel, Branch 4
                                     Office of the Associate Chief Counsel
                                     (Passthroughs and Special Industries)

Enclosures
Copy for § 6110 purposes
Copy of this letter

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