Trust modifications preserve GST exemption without creating a general power

Plain-English summary

A beneficiary and trustee obtained court approval to modify an irrevocable trust created before September 25, 1985. The changes expanded trustee succession and removal procedures and allowed a beneficiary serving as trustee to make distributions for the beneficiary's health, education, maintenance, and support. The IRS ruled that the changes did not shift beneficial interests to a lower generation or extend vesting, so the trust retained its exemption from generation-skipping transfer tax. It also ruled that the beneficiary did not receive a general power of appointment because self-benefit distributions were limited by an ascertainable standard and any replacement trustee appointed by the beneficiary had to be independent.

Ruling snapshot

• Question: Will the proposed trustee and distribution changes preserve the trust's GST exemption and avoid creating a general power of appointment?
• Outcome: Approved on all requested rulings
• Key authorities: IRC §§ 2041, 2514, and 2601; Treas. Reg. §§ 20.2041-1, 25.2514-1, and 26.2601-1; Rev. Rul. 95-58

Full text (IRS public release)

Internal Revenue Service Department of the Treasury
Washington, DC 20224

Number: 201634017 Third Party Communication: None
Release Date: 8/19/2016 Date of Communication: Not Applicable
Index Number: 2041.03-00, 2514.03-00,
2601.00-00, 2642.00-00 Person To Contact:
----------------------, ID No. ------------------
------------------------------ Telephone Number:
----------------------------------- ----------------------
---------------------- Refer Reply To:
---------------------------------------- CC:PSI:B4
---------------------------------- PLR-138341-15
Date:
May 17, 2016

Legend

Taxpayer = ------------------------------

Trustor = -------------------------------

Trust = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A = ---------------------------

B = ------------------

C = ------------------------------

D = -----------------------------

E = --------------------------------

Bank = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Date 1 = ---------------------------

Date 2 = ----------------------

Date 3 = ------------------------

Date 4 = --------------------------

Date 5 = ---------------------------

PLR-138341-15 2

Date 6 = ----------------------

State Court = -----------------------------------------------------------

Dear --------------:

This responds to the letter dated November 19, 2015, and subsequent
correspondence, submitted on your behalf by your authorized representative concerning
the generation-skipping transfer (GST) tax consequences of the proposed modification
of a trust.

The facts and representations submitted are summarized as follows. On Date 1,
a date prior to September 25, 1985, Trustor created Trust, an irrevocable inter vivos
trust for the benefit of Taxpayer and Taxpayer’s issue. Trust named as initial trustees,
A and B, who are unrelated to Taxpayer, and C, who is Taxpayer’s mother. It is
represented that no additions, actual or constructive, have been made to Trust since
September 25, 1985.

Paragraph 7 of Trust provides, in part, that if any trustee fails or ceases to act,
Trustor, or if Trustor is not then living, D, will appoint a successor trustee. If neither
Trustor nor D is then living, Bank shall become trustee in place of the trustee who failed
or ceased to serve. Thereafter, no successor trustee is to be appointed to act in the
place of the next individual trustee who fails or ceases to act. The remaining individual
trustee may thereafter appoint a trustee to act in his or her place and may also revoke
that appointment. If there is no individual trustee able and willing to act, Bank may
appoint an individual as a co-trustee. If at any time there is no trustee willing and able
to act, one or more trustees may be appointed by or on behalf of the beneficiary or
beneficiaries of at least two thirds of the current Trust income.

Paragraph 2 of Trust provides, in part, for discretionary distributions of the
income and principal to Taxpayer and Taxpayer’s issue during Taxpayer’s life.
Paragraph 3 provides that upon the death of Taxpayer, the trust estate will be
distributed to the issue of Trustor’s parents and/or the spouses of such issue, but if
none of such issue is then living, to such one or more persons and corporations, all in
such shares, manner and proportions as Taxpayer may appoint by will; provided,
however that no such appointment may be made in favor of Taxpayer, Taxpayer’s
estate, the creditors of Taxpayer, or the creditors of Taxpayer’s estate. Any portion of
the trust estate not effectively appointed will be distributed to Taxpayer’s issue, but if
none of Taxpayer’s issue is then living, to Trustor’s issue, but if none of Trustor’s issue
is then living, to Taxpayer’s heirs-at-law.

Paragraph 19 of Trust provides, in part, that any discretionary distribution to be
made to or for the benefit of any individual who is acting as a trustee (including

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distributions to such individual’s spouse and distributions in discharge of any legal
obligation of such individual) must be made in the discretion of a trustee for whom
distributions may not be made. If no such trustee is then acting, such distribution will
not be made.

On Date 2, A resigned his position as co-trustee, and Trustor appointed E,
Taxpayer’s sibling, as successor co-trustee to serve with B and C.

On Date 3, Bank declined to serve as successor trustee, and on Date 4,
B resigned his position as co-trustee. It is represented that, in accordance with
Paragraph 7 of Trust, for so long as E and C continue to serve, no additional co-trustee
may be appointed to serve with them, and furthermore, no successor trustee can be
appointed for or by E or C. It is further represented that Paragraph 7 only authorizes a
corporate trustee to appoint a co-trustee in the event that no individual trustee is then
serving and only permits a sole trustee to appoint one or more successor trustees with
no provision for the appointment of a co-trustee. In addition, in accordance with
Paragraph 19, if any beneficiary of Trust (including Taxpayer) serves as a sole trustee
of Trust, that beneficiary will be unable to make distributions to him or herself.

On Date 5, E, in his capacity as successor co-trustee, and Taxpayer petitioned
State Court for an order approving modifications to Paragraph 7 (Trustee Succession
Modifications), and Paragraphs 2 and19 (Distribution Modifications) of Trust. On
Date 6, State Court approved the modifications. State Court’s order is contingent upon
receipt of a favorable ruling from the Internal Revenue Service.

As a result of the modifications to Paragraph 7 (Trustee Succession
Modifications): (i) each of the current co-trustees may appoint a successor at any time
and may revoke the appointment, with or without cause, at any time until the
appointment becomes effective; (ii) once a successor trustee’s appointment becomes
effective, the successor trustee may appoint his or her successor only if authorized to
do so in the appointment made by his or her predecessor; (iii) the trustee or co-trustees
may appoint as a co-trustee any person or entity, may remove that co-trustee, with or
without cause and without appointing a successor, and may restrict the powers of that
co-trustee; (iv) Taxpayer may remove any trustee or co-trustee, provided Taxpayer
simultaneously appoints another trustee, who must be an Independent Trustee (as
defined in the Distribution Modifications) to succeed the removed trustee or co-trustee;
and (v) Taxpayer may transfer Taxpayer’s removal and appointment power, as well as
Taxpayer’s power to transfer these powers, to any one or more of Trustor’s issue.

As a result of the modifications to Paragraphs 2 and 19 (Distribution
Modifications): (i) a beneficiary serving as a sole trustee may make discretionary
distributions of trust income and principal, subject to a standard of health, education,
maintenance and support, to or for the beneficiary’s own benefit; (ii) such distributions
cannot be in discharge of any legal obligation of the beneficiary; (iii) no trustee can

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make a distribution in satisfaction of any legal obligation of such trustee (or in
satisfaction of any legal obligation of a person who appointed the trustee); and
(iv) a trustee or co-trustee appointed by a beneficiary cannot make distributions to the
beneficiary appointing the trustee or co-trustee unless the distributions are subject to a
standard of health, education, maintenance and support, or unless the trustee is an
Independent Trustee. An Independent Trustee means any trustee who is not Trustor, a
descendant of Trustor, any beneficiary or possible distributee of Trust, any parent or
spouse of any such person, or any related or subordinate party to any of such persons
or entities, as such terms are used in § 672(c) of the Code.

Rulings Requested

1. The Trustee Succession Modifications will not cause a beneficial interest in Trust
   to be shifted to a beneficiary who occupies a lower generation (as defined in
   § 2651) than the beneficiaries who held the interests prior to the modifications
   and will not extend the time for vesting of any beneficial interest in Trust beyond
   the period provided for in the original trust agreement. Accordingly, Trust will
   remain exempt from the GST tax under § 2601.

2. The Distribution Modifications will not cause a beneficial interest in Trust to be
   shifted to a beneficiary who occupies a lower generation (as defined in § 2651)
   than the beneficiaries who held the interests prior to the modifications and will not
   extend the time for vesting of any beneficial interest in Trust beyond the period
   provided for in the original trust agreement. Accordingly, Trust will remain
   exempt from the GST tax under § 2601.

3. The powers given to Taxpayer under the Trustee Succession Modifications and
   the Distribution Modifications do not result in Taxpayer having a general power of
   appointment under § 2041(b)(1) or § 2514(c).

Law and Analysis

Rulings 1 and 2

Section 2601 imposes a tax on every generation-skipping transfer (GST), which
is defined under § 2611 as a taxable distribution, a taxable termination, and a direct
skip.

Under § 1433 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (the Act), GST tax is generally
applicable to generation-skipping transfers made after October 22, 1986. However,
under § 1433(b)(2)(A) of the Act and § 26.2601-1(b)(1)(i) of the Generation-Skipping
Transfer Tax Regulations, the provisions of chapter 13 do not apply to a transfer under
a trust that was irrevocable on September 25, 1985, except to the extent the transfer is

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made out of corpus added to the trust by an actual or constructive addition after
September 25, 1985.

Section 26.2601-1(b)(4)(i) provides rules for determining when a modification,
judicial construction, settlement agreement, or trustee action with respect to a trust that
is exempt from the GST tax under § 26.2601-1(b) will not cause the trust to lose its
exempt status. These rules are applicable only for purposes of determining whether an
exempt trust retains exempt status for GST tax purposes. The rules do not apply in
determining, for example, whether the transaction results in a gift subject to gift tax, or
may cause the trust to be included in the gross estate of a beneficiary, or may result in
the realization of capital gain for purposes of § 1001.

Section 26.2601-1(b)(4)(i)(D) provides that a modification of the governing
instrument of an exempt trust (including a trustee distribution, settlement, or
construction that does not satisfy § 26.2601-1(b)(4)(i)(A), (B), or (C)) by judicial
reformation, or nonjudicial reformation that is valid under applicable state law will not
cause an exempt trust to be subject to the provisions of chapter 13, if the modification
does not shift a beneficial interest in the trust to any beneficiary who occupies a lower
generation (as defined in § 2651) than the person or persons who held the beneficial
interest prior to the modification, and the modification does not extend the time for
vesting of any beneficial interest in the trust beyond the period provided for in the
original trust. A modification of an exempt trust will result in a shift in beneficial interest
to a lower generation beneficiary if the modification can result in either an increase in
the amount of a GST or the creation of a new GST.

In the present case, Trust was irrevocable on September 25, 1985. It is
represented that no additions, actual or constructive, were made to Trust after that date.
Based upon the facts submitted and the representations made, we conclude that neither
the Trustee Succession Modifications nor the Distribution Modifications will cause a
beneficial interest to be shifted to a beneficiary who occupies a generation lower than
the beneficiaries who held the interests prior to the termination, or extend the time for
vesting of any beneficial interest in Trust beyond the period provided for in the original
trust agreement. Accordingly, we rule that Trust will remain exempt from the GST tax
under § 2601.

Ruling 3

Section 2041(a)(2) provides that the value of the gross estate shall include the
value of all property to the extent of any property with respect to which the decedent has
at the time of his death a general power of appointment created after October 21, 1942,
or with respect to which the decedent has at any time exercised or released such a
power of appointment by a disposition which is of such nature that if it were a transfer of
property owned by the decedent, such property would be includible in the decedent’s
gross estate under §§ 2035 to 2038, inclusive.

PLR-138341-15 6

Section 2041(b)(1)(A) provides that the term “general power of appointment”
means a power which is exercisable in favor of the decedent, his estate, his creditors, or
the creditors of his estate; except that a power to consume, invade, or appropriate
property for the benefit of the decedent which is limited by an ascertainable standard
relating to the health, education, support, or maintenance of the decedent shall not be
deemed a general power of appointment.

Section 20.2041-1(b)(1) of the Estate Tax Regulations provides, in part, that a
power in a donee to remove or discharge a trustee and appoint himself may be a power
of appointment. For example, if under the terms of a trust instrument, the trustee or his
successor has the power to appoint the principal of the trust for the benefit of individuals
including himself, and the decedent has the unrestricted power to remove or discharge
the trustee at any time and appoint any other person including himself, the decedent is
considered as having a power of appointment.

Section 20.2041-1(c)(2) provides, in part, that a power to consume, invade, or
appropriate income or corpus, or both, for the benefit of the decedent which is limited by
an ascertainable standard relating to the health, education, support, or maintenance of
the decedent is, by reason of section 2041(b)(1)(A), not a general power of
appointment.

Section 2514(c)(1) provides that, for purposes of that section, the term “general
power of appointment” means a power which is exercisable in favor of the individual
possessing the power (the “possessor”), his estate, his creditors, or the creditors of his
estate; except that a power to consume, invade, or appropriate property for the benefit
of the possessor which is limited by an ascertainable standard relating to the health,
education, support, or maintenance of the possessor shall not be deemed a general
power of appointment.

Section 25.2514-1(b)(1) provides, in part, that a donee may have a power of
appointment if he has the power to remove or discharge a trustee and appoint himself.
For example, if under the terms of a trust instrument, the trustee or his successor has
the power to appoint the principal of the trust for the benefit of individuals including
himself, and A has the unrestricted power to remove or discharge the trustee at any
time and appoint any other person including himself, A is considered as having a power
of appointment.

Section 25.2514-1(c)(2) of the Gift Tax Regulations provides that a power to
consume, invade, or appropriate income or corpus, or both, for the benefit of the
possessor which is limited by an ascertainable standard relating to the health,
education, support, or maintenance of the possessor is, by reason of section 2514(c),
not a general power of appointment.

PLR-138341-15 7

In Rev. Rul. 95-58, 1995-2 C.B. 191, the Internal Revenue Service ruled that a
decedent/grantor’s reservation of an unqualified power to remove a trustee and to
appoint an individual or corporate successor trustee that is not related or subordinate to
the decedent within the meaning of § 672, is not considered a reservation of the
trustee’s discretionary powers of distribution over the property transferred by the
decedent/grantor to the trust. Accordingly, the trust corpus is not included in the
decedent’s gross estate under § 2036 or 2038.

Section 672(c) defines the term “related or subordinate party” to mean any
nonadverse party who is (1) the grantor’s spouse if living with the grantor; or (2) any one
of the following: the grantor’s father, mother, issue, brother or sister; an employee of
the grantor; a corporation or any employee of a corporation in which the stock holdings
of the grantor and the trust are significant from the viewpoint of voting control; a
subordinate employee of a corporation in the which the grantor is an executive.

In the present case, the power of Taxpayer (if and when serving as a trustee of
Trust) to make distributions to, or for the benefit of, Taxpayer is limited by an
ascertainable standard relating to the health, education, support, and maintenance of
Taxpayer. In addition, although Taxpayer may remove and replace a trustee or
co-trustee, any trustee or co-trustee appointed by Taxpayer pursuant to the removal
and replacement power cannot be related or subordinate to Taxpayer within the
meaning of § 672(c).

Based on the facts submitted and the representations made, we rule that the
powers given to Taxpayer under the Trustee Succession Modifications and the
Distribution Modifications do not result in Taxpayer having a general power of
appointment under § 2041(b)(1) or § 2514(c).

The rulings contained in this letter are based upon information and
representations submitted by the taxpayer and accompanied by a penalty of perjury
statement executed by an appropriate party. While this office has not verified any of the
material submitted in support of the request for rulings, it is subject to verification on
examination.

Except as expressly provided herein, no opinion is expressed or implied
concerning the tax consequences of any aspect of any transaction or item discussed or
referenced in this letter.

This ruling is directed only to the taxpayer requesting it. Section 6110(k)(3) of
the Code provides that it may not be used or cited as precedent.

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In accordance with the Power of Attorney on file with this office, a copy of this
letter is being sent to your authorized representative.

Sincerely,

Leslie H. Finlow
Leslie H. Finlow
Senior Technician Reviewer, Branch 4
Office of the Associate Chief Counsel
(Passthroughs & Special Industries)

Enclosures (2)

Copy of letter
Copy for § 6110 purposes

cc: