Can the insurer's lawyer prepare the guardianship and settlement-approval papers for an unrepresented injured minor and present them to the court?

Plain-English summary

The Board addressed a lawyer's interaction with an unrepresented opposing party, here an injured minor and the minor's parents settling with the tortfeasor's insurer. It warned that an unrepresented party can be a trap for counsel, who must avoid both giving legal advice and creating the impression of representing the unrepresented party. Under DR 7-104(A)(2) and EC 7-18, a lawyer may not give legal advice to an unrepresented person whose interests may conflict with the client's, except the advice to secure counsel.

The Board concluded that preparing the guardianship and settlement-approval documents (required by R.C. 2111.18 when a minor's settlement exceeds a set amount) does not itself constitute giving legal advice. It reasoned the documents merely facilitate and record the settlement, are required by law, and are prepared at the client's request, not as representation of the minor. It surveyed Kentucky and South Dakota opinions on similar facts.

The Board required clear disclosures to prevent a false impression: because the insurer's lawyer cannot represent the minor without a conflict, the lawyer must inform the minor and parents that the lawyer is retained by the insurer and does not represent them, that the documents were prepared at the insurer's request, and that they may secure counsel to review them, and must make the disclosure to the court as well, all while giving no legal advice.

Currency note

The Ohio Board reports that this opinion was withdrawn by Advisory Opinion 2023-05. Because it has been withdrawn, it is indexed here as research only and is not current guidance. The Board also flags it as a "CPR Opinion" interpreting the former Ohio Code of Professional Responsibility, which was superseded by the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct effective February 1, 2007.

This opinion issued in 1996. Treat this page as historical context, not current guidance. Verify against the current Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct and Opinion 2023-05 before relying on any specific rule mentioned here.

Common questions

Q: Can the insurer's lawyer prepare an unrepresented minor's settlement and guardianship papers?

A: Yes, with disclosure. The Board concluded the insurer's lawyer may prepare the guardianship-appointment and settlement-approval applications and appear for approval, if the required disclosures are made and no legal advice is given.

Q: Isn't preparing the documents giving legal advice?

A: No, in the Board's view. It reasoned the documents merely facilitate and record the settlement and are required by R.C. 2111.18, prepared at the client's request, not as representation of the minor.

Q: What disclosures are required?

A: The lawyer must tell the minor and parents that the lawyer represents the insurer and not them, that the lawyer prepared the documents, and that they may obtain counsel to review them, and must make the same disclosure to the court.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets the former Ohio Code of Professional Responsibility DR 7-104(A)(2) (no advice to an unrepresented person beyond securing counsel) and EC 7-18, applied against R.C. 2111.18 on court approval of a minor's settlement.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• Former Ohio Code of Professional Responsibility DR 7-104(A)(2); EC 7-18

Statutes:

• Ohio Rev. Code 2111.18

Other opinions cited:

• Kentucky Bar Ass'n Op. E-306 (1985); State Bar of South Dakota Op. 93-1 (1993)

See also

• Ohio BPC Op. 1996-001: Ex Parte Communication With Former Corporate Employees
• Ohio BPC Op. 1995-014: Insurance In-House Counsel, Subrogation, and Firm Names
• Ohio BPC Op. 1995-002: Fixed Flat Fee for Insurer Subrogation Work

Source

• Landing page: https://ohioadvop.org/advisory-opinion-index/
• Original PDF: https://www.ohioadvop.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Op-96-002.pdf

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

The Supreme Court of Ohio
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS ON GRIEVANCES AND DISCIPLINE
41 SOUTH HIGH STREET-SUITE 3370, COLUMBUS, OH 43215-6105
(614) 644-5800 FAX: (614) 644-5804

                                         OFFICE OF SECRETARY




                                    OPINION 96-2
                                Issued February 2, 1996
                             Withdrawn by Adv.Op. 2023-05

[CPR Opinion-provides advice under the Ohio Code of Professional Responsibility which is superseded
by the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct, eff. 2/1/2007.]

SYLLABUS: When a minor and the minor's parents are unrepresented by counsel
during negotiation and settlement of the minor's injury claim, the attorney retained by the
tort-feasor's insurer may prepare the application for guardianship appointment and the
application for approval of settlement of the minor's claim and may appear before the
court for final approval of the settlement, provided that: the attorney informs the minor
and the minor's parents that the attorney is retained by the insurer and does not represent
the minor; the attorney informs the minor and the minor's parents that the attorney
prepared the documents and that they may secure counsel to review the documents; and
the attorney makes these disclosures to the court. Throughout these interactions the
attorney must not give legal advice to the unrepresented minor and the minor's parents.

OPINION: This opinion responds to a question regarding a lawyer's interactions with an
opposing party unrepresented by counsel.

    When a minor and the minor's parents are unrepresented by counsel during
    negotiation and settlement of the minor's injury claim, is it proper for the
    attorney retained by the tort-feasor's insurer to prepare the application for
    guardianship appointment and the application for approval of settlement of
    a minor's claim and to appear before the court for final approval of the
    settlement?

When an opposing party chooses self-representation, it can create a trap for unwary
counsel. The unrepresented party may look to the attorney for advice. The unrepresented
party may believe that the attorney is an advocate for both parties. The unrepresented
party may need to sign documents. Attorneys must exercise an abundance of caution
with opposing parties who are unrepresented by counsel. Attorneys must guard against
inadvertently becoming de facto counsel for unrepresented parties.

Under DR 7-104(A)(2) of the Ohio Code of Professional Responsibility, a lawyer may
not give legal advice to an unrepresented person whose interests may conflict with the
Op. 96-2 2

interests of the attorney's clients. There is one narrow exception. The attorney is
permitted to give advice to an unrepresented person to secure counsel.

   DR 7-104(A) During the course of his [her] representation of a client a
   lawyer shall not: (2) Give advice to a person who is not represented by a
   lawyer, other than the advice to secure counsel, if the interests of such
   person are or have a reasonable possibility of being in conflict with the
   interests of his [her] client.

Ethical Consideration 7-18 mirrors the rule by stating that “[i]f one is not represented by
counsel, a lawyer representing another may have to deal directly with the unrepresented
person; in such an instance, a lawyer should not undertake to give advice to the person
who is attempting to represent himself [herself], except that he [she] may advise him
[her] to obtain a lawyer."

Obviously, there will be interaction between a lawyer and an unrepresented person. To
move a matter forward, a lawyer must be able to discuss the subject matter of
representation with the unrepresented person. But, the lawyer must do so without giving
legal advice and without creating a false impression that he or she represents the
unrepresented person's interests.

False impressions may be avoided by the attorney disclosing to the unrepresented party
the identity of the client the attorney represents and by stating that the attorney does not
represent the minor or the minor's parents. It may be more difficult for the attorney to
avoid inadvertently giving legal advice to the unrepresented party. What constitutes legal
advice? Is the preparation of documents the giving of legal advice?

Does an attorney give legal advice to an unrepresented party by preparing the application
for guardianship appointment and the application for approval of settlement of a minor's
claim which will be submitted to the court for approval? In Ohio, these are necessary
documents that must be completed and submitted to the probate court for its advice,
approval, and consent when a minor is injured and the settlement exceeds a certain
amount. See Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2111.18 (Baldwin 1994).

The question has been raised in other states. An ethics committee of the Kentucky Bar
Association in Opinion E-306 (1985) advised that a lawyer for an insurance company
who negotiated a settlement with the parents of a minor for an injury caused by a third-
Op. 96-2 3

party insured may petition the court for the appointment of a guardian and approval of
settlement and appear in court with the minor's parents, provided that: the lawyer
discloses to the minor's parents and guardian that he represents the insurance company
and does not represent to them that the settlement is fair; the court is apprised of the
lawyer's relationship to the insurance company and the minor; all information is
submitted to the court; the lawyer does not represent to the court that the settlement is fair
and proper; the court ensures that the parents are properly advised and reserves the right
to require the insurance company's lawyer to withdraw and to substitute entirely
independent counsel. See Kentucky Bar Ass'n, Op E-306 (1985).

An ethics committee of the State Bar of South Dakota in Opinion 93-1 advised that a
lawyer for an insurance company who negotiated a settlement for a policyholder with the
unrepresented parents of an injured minor may not represent both the insurer and the
claimant in the guardian ad litem appointment and settlement hearing. However, that
advice applies to in-house counsel according to a supplement to Opinion 93-1 wherein
the committee advises that an insurance company may hire an outside lawyer to represent
the claimant in a guardian ad litem appointment and settlement approval. See State Bar
of South Dakota, Op. 93-1(1993) and Op.93-1(Supplement) (undated).

In this Board's view, when there is a settlement involving an unrepresented minor, the
preparation of the documents for the court to appoint a guardian and to approve the
guardian's settlement of a minor's claim does not constitute the giving of legal advice to
an unrepresented party. The documents facilitate settlement and are required by law.
The documents record the agreement arrived at from the settlement negotiations. The
documents are prepared at the request of the attorney's client and are not undertaken as a
representation of the minor.

Obviously, an attorney for the tortfeasor's insurer can not represent the injured minor in
the matter. Such representation would create a conflict of interest. To avoid creating this
impression, the attorney must clearly inform the minor and the minor's parents that he or
she is retained by the tortfeasor's insurer and does not represent the minor or the minor's
parents, that the documents have been prepared at the insurer's request, and that they may
secure counsel to review the documents. This disclosure should also be made to the
court.
Op. 96-2 4

In conclusion, this Board advises that when a minor and the minor's parents are
unrepresented by counsel during negotiation and settlement of the minor's injury claim,
the attorney retained by the tort-feasor's insurer may prepare the application for
guardianship appointment and the application for approval of settlement of the minor's
claim and may appear before the court for final approval of the settlement, provided that:
the attorney informs the minor and the minor's parents that the attorney is retained by the
insurer and does not represent the minor; the attorney informs the minor and the minor's
parents that the attorney prepared the documents and that they may secure counsel to
review the documents; and the attorney makes these disclosures to the court. Throughout
these interactions the attorney must not give legal advice to the unrepresented minor and
the minor's parents.

Advisory Opinions of the Board of Commissioners on Grievances and Discipline are
informal, nonbinding opinions in response to prospective or hypothetical questions
regarding the application of the Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the
Bar of Ohio, the Supreme Court Rules for the Government of the Judiciary, the
Code of Professional Responsibility, the Code of Judicial Conduct, and the
Attorney's Oath of Office.