May a Kentucky lawyer disburse client funds when a third party claims a lien or other interest in the money?

Plain-English summary

The opinion addresses funds in a lawyer's trust account that a client demands while a medical provider, litigation funder, subrogation claimant, government program, child-support obligee, or other third party asserts a legal or equitable interest. It explains that Kentucky amended SCR 3.130(1.15)(b) and (c) effective January 1, 2014, deleting the rule's former references to third-person claims. Before that amendment, the rule required the lawyer to hold disputed funds until the claim was resolved. The amendment removed that professional-conduct duty to the third-party claimant, but did not change any legal responsibility arising from a lien or other claim.

Under the current rule, a lawyer complies with the Rules by promptly delivering funds the client is entitled to receive. The opinion stresses that the rule does not require delivery of money the client is not entitled to possess because of a common-law or statutory claim, particularly when distribution could make the lawyer personally liable. It concludes that a lawyer does not violate the Rules by holding disputed funds pending determination of legal rights, or by satisfying an enforceable lien or obligation from trust funds to avoid personal liability.

The Committee declines to decide which third-party claims are valid because that is a question of substantive law. It treats the analysis as case-specific and states that a court or other tribunal may determine the validity and amount of the asserted claim before disbursement. If the client discharges the lawyer, SCR 3.130(1.16) ends the lawyer's authority to act for the client but does not eliminate the duties to account for funds and surrender only property to which the former client is entitled. The opinion states that the lawyer may continue to hold funds when paying them out could create personal liability.

In practice

Under this opinion, Kentucky Rule 1.15 no longer requires a lawyer, solely as an ethical matter, to resolve a third party's claim before disbursing funds to the client. The same rule limits prompt delivery to funds the client is entitled to receive, so the opinion permits the lawyer to hold the disputed amount while the parties' legal rights are determined.

The opinion does not decide whether any asserted lien, subrogation right, contract, government claim, or child-support obligation is enforceable. It concludes that satisfying an enforceable claim, or retaining the disputed amount pending a legal determination, does not violate the Rules when distribution could expose the lawyer to personal liability.

Common questions

Q: Must a Kentucky lawyer hold funds whenever a third party asserts a claim?

A: No. The opinion explains that the 2014 amendment removed Rule 1.15's former ethical duty to hold funds for a third-party claimant until the claim was resolved. Whether the lawyer has a legal duty to withhold or pay the funds depends on the asserted claim.

Q: May the lawyer pay the client without resolving the third party's claim?

A: Rule 1.15 permits prompt payment of funds the client is entitled to receive, and the opinion says the lawyer has no ethical duty to the third party to resolve the claim first. The rule does not require payment of funds the client is not legally entitled to possess.

Q: May the lawyer keep the disputed amount in trust?

A: Yes. The Committee concludes that holding disputed funds pending determination of lien rights or statutory obligations does not violate the Rules, particularly when distribution could make the lawyer personally liable.

Q: Does the opinion decide whether a medical lien, ERISA claim, Medicare claim, or child-support obligation is valid?

A: No. The Committee expressly places the validity and amount of those claims outside its authority and says the legal viability of each claim must be assessed case by case.

Q: What changes if the client fires the lawyer and demands the money?

A: The lawyer no longer has authority to act for the client, but remains obligated to account for the funds and surrender property to which the former client is entitled. The opinion says the lawyer may hold the funds when an unpaid obligation could expose the lawyer to personal liability.

Q: Does this opinion replace KBA E-383?

A: It controls to the extent E-383 relied on the pre-2014 version of Rule 1.15 and is inconsistent with E-458.

Background and rules framework

The opinion interprets SCR 3.130(1.15), Kentucky's safekeeping-property rule, after the Kentucky Supreme Court's 2014 deletion of references to claims by a "third person" from paragraphs (b) and (c). It contrasts the present text with the former Kentucky rule and the ABA Model Rule, which had required disputed funds to remain separate when a client and third party asserted competing claims.

It also applies SCR 3.130(1.16) after termination of representation. Under that rule, discharge ends the lawyer's authority to represent the client, while paragraph (d) requires the lawyer to protect the client's interests, account for the property, and surrender property to which the client is entitled, subject to other law.

Citations and references

Rules of Professional Conduct:

• MR 1.15 / SCR 3.130(1.15): safekeeping property and prompt delivery of funds the client is entitled to receive.
• MR 1.16 / SCR 3.130(1.16): termination of representation and surrender of client property.

Orders and reports:

• Kentucky Supreme Court Order 2013-12, effective January 1, 2014: amendment of SCR 3.130(1.15)(b) and (c).
• KBA Ethics 2000 Committee Report: comparison of the former Kentucky rule with ABA Model Rule 1.15.

Other opinions cited:

• KBA E-383 (1995): prior treatment of third-party claims under the pre-2014 version of Rule 1.15; E-458 controls to the extent of any inconsistency.

See also

• Texas Ethics Op. 681: Third-Party Claims to Trust Funds
• NC State Bar 2017 FEO 4: Settlement Funds Subject to a Statutory Lien
• Alaska Ethics Op. 92-3: Third-Party Claims to Client Funds
• Alabama Ethics Op. 1990-48: Interpleading Disputed Funds

Source

• Landing page: https://kybar.org/For-Members/Rules-Ethics-Information/Ethics-Opinions
• Original PDF: https://kybar.org/Portals/0/Admin/Ethics%20Opinions/KBA%20E-458.pdf?ver=a96G8kBH-UZb9QXwPYYH_w%3d%3d

Original opinion text

Reproduced from the official source for research purposes. The linked source is authoritative.

KENTUCKY BAR ASSOCIATION
Ethics Opinion KBA E-458
Issued: March 15, 2024
The Rules of Professional Conduct are amended periodically. Lawyers should consult
the current version of the rule and comments, SCR 3.130 (available at
http://www.kybar.org/237), before relying on this opinion.

Subject: Lawyers’ Obligations Regarding Client Funds Held by the Lawyer
to Which Third Persons Claim An Interest

Question 1: What are the lawyer’s obligations and the lawyer’s permitted course of action when
holding client funds to which a third party claims a legal or an equitable interest in the client
funds?

Answer: The KBA Ethics Committee members have received recurring inquiries concerning the
obligations of the lawyer who holds client funds in the lawyer’s trust account when there are
third parties who claim entitlement to some or all of those funds. These third-party claims range
from medical provider services, litigation funding client loan agreements, common law and
contractual subrogation claims to federal and state statutory liens such as through the Center for
Medicare Services, ERISA, and child support obligations. Frequently, the lawyer’s inquiry
follows a client’s demand to disburse the funds without addressing the third-party claims. On
some occasions the client has discharged the lawyer for not disbursing the disputed client funds
and then demands the client funds then be sent to the client without honoring an otherwise valid
lien or other obligation.

Effective January 1, 2014, the Supreme Court of Kentucky amended SCR 3.130(1.15(b) & (c))
to delete references in Rule 1.15 to “third person” claims against client held funds. 1

Prior to the 2014 Amendment, Rule 1.15 generally followed the ABA Model Rule 1.15(b) & (c),
with some clarifications regarding third-party claims against client held funds, and directed the
lawyer to hold disputed claimed funds pending the resolution of the claim. 2 Thus, before the
2014 amendments to this Rule, the answer to the basic question discussed in this opinion was
clear: If a third-party made claims to funds held by a lawyer, the lawyer was obligated ethically
to hold the disputed funds in trust pending resolution of the claims. While the lawyer could defer
the resolution to the client as a matter for the client to resolve, often the lawyer felt like a
“collection agent” for the third-party claimant. The 2014 amendments removed this burden from
the lawyer as a matter of professional conduct, but it did not change any legal responsibility of
the lawyer who is holding client funds that may be subject to liens or other legal claims.

SCR 3.130 (Rule 1.15) currently reads:

   Safekeeping property.


   (a) A lawyer shall hold property of clients or third persons that is in a lawyer's
   possession in connection with a representation separate from the lawyer's own
   property. Funds shall be kept in a separate account maintained in the state where
   the lawyer's office is situated, or elsewhere with the consent of the client, third
   person, or both in the event of a claim by each to the property. The separate
   account referred to in the preceding sentence shall be maintained in a bank which
   has agreed to notify the Kentucky Bar Association in the event that any overdraft
   occurs in the account. Other property shall be identified as such and appropriately
   safeguarded. Complete records of such account funds and other property shall be
   kept by the lawyer and shall be preserved for a period of five years after
   termination of the representation.

   (b) Upon receiving funds or other property in which a client has an interest, a
   lawyer shall promptly notify the client. Except as stated in this Rule or otherwise
   permitted by law or by agreement with the client a lawyer shall promptly deliver
   to the client any funds or other property that the client is entitled to receive and,
   upon request by the client, shall promptly render a full accounting regarding such
   property.

   (c) When in the course of representation a lawyer is in possession of funds or
   other property in which the lawyer and client claim interests and are not in
   agreement regarding those interests, the funds or other property in dispute shall
   be kept separate by the lawyer until the dispute is resolved. The lawyer shall
   promptly distribute all portions of the funds or other property in which the
   interests are not in conflict.

   (d) A lawyer may deposit the lawyer's own funds in a client trust account for the
   sole purpose of paying bank service charges on that account, but only in an
   amount necessary for that purpose.

   (e) Except for advance fees as provided in 1.5(f), a lawyer shall deposit into a
   client trust account legal fees and expenses that have been paid in advance, to be
   withdrawn by the lawyer only as fees are earned or expenses incurred.

Emphasis Added.

Thus, a lawyer follows the Rules of Professional Conduct by disbursing client funds to the client
as instructed by the client. See Rule 1.15(b). However, Rule 1.15(b) only directs the lawyer to
“. . . promptly deliver to the client any funds or other property that the client is entitled to
receive. . . .” The Rule does not require the lawyer to deliver funds or property to the client to
which the client is not entitled to possess due to a common law or statutory claim or lien,
particularly if by making the distribution the lawyer could become personally liable.

The significance of this 2014 change is that under Rule 1.15(b) and (c) as it existed previously, a
lawyer was required to hold funds belonging to a client to which a third-party claimed an interest
until the claim was resolved. The amendment to Rule 1.15 deletes the reference to a “third

person”. Therefore, under the Rules of Professional Conduct, a lawyer is relieved of any ethical
duty to the third-party claimant to resolve the third-party’s claim and may disburse the funds to
the client without necessity of resolution of the third person’s claim. However, Rule 1.15 does
not require the lawyer to disburse the funds to the client if the lawyer is legally obligated to pay
the funds over to a third party.

The Supreme Court did not modify the Official Comments to Rule 1.15. Comment 5 states:

   The obligations of a lawyer under this Rule are independent of those arising from
   activity other than rendering legal services. For example, a lawyer who serves
   only as an escrow agent is governed by the applicable law relating to fiduciaries
   even though the lawyer does not render legal services in the transaction and is
   not governed by this Rule.

Emphasis Added.

It is beyond the purview of the Ethics Committee to determine what third-party claims should be
resolved before the lawyer distributes client funds. But it is the opinion of the Committee that a
lawyer does not violate the Rules of Professional Conduct by holding disputed funds pending
determination of the legal rights of lien holders and statutory obligations. This could include
such claims to the funds as Child Support obligations, ERISA, Medicare, Medicaid, etc. This
reference to potential claims is meant only as a descriptive list, neither inclusive nor exclusive of
potential obligations. The appropriate inquiry for the lawyer is whether the lawyer as a fiduciary
will be held liable personally for having made the distribution (and possible dissipation by the
former client) of monies to a third-party claimant has a legal right.

Rule 1.15(c) also allows the lawyer to hold disputed funds in which the lawyer claims an interest.
Comments 1 and 2 state:

   [1] A lawyer should hold property of others with the care required of a professional
   fiduciary. Securities should be kept in a safe deposit box, except when some other form
   of safekeeping is warranted by special circumstances. All property which is the property
   of clients or third persons, including prospective clients, must be kept separate from the
   lawyer's business and personal property and, if monies, in one or more trust accounts.
   Separate trust accounts may be warranted when administering estate monies or acting in
   similar fiduciary capacities. A lawyer should maintain on a current basis books and
   records in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice and comply with any
   recordkeeping rules established by law or court order. See, e.g., ABA Model Financial
   Recordkeeping Rule.

   [2] Lawyers often receive funds from which the lawyer's fee will be paid. The lawyer is
   not required to remit to the client funds that the lawyer reasonably believes represent fees
   owed. However, a lawyer may not hold funds to coerce a client into accepting the
   lawyer's contention. The disputed portion of the funds must be kept in a trust account and
   the lawyer should suggest means for prompt resolution of the dispute, such as
   arbitration. The undisputed portion of the funds shall be promptly distributed.

Occasionally, the members of the Ethics Committee receive an inquiry from a lawyer whose
client has discharged the lawyer for failure to disburse funds to the client in the face of an
otherwise valid lien. SCR 3.130 (Rule 1.16) states:

   Declining or terminating representation.

   (a) Except as stated in paragraph (c), a lawyer shall not represent a client or,
   where representation has commenced, shall withdraw from the representation of
   a client if:
   (1) the representation will result in violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct
   or other law; or
   (2) the lawyer's physical or mental condition materially impairs the lawyer's
   ability to represent the client; or
   (3) the lawyer is discharged.

Emphasis Added.

But Rule 1.16 also provides:

   (c) A lawyer must comply with applicable law requiring notice to or permission of a
   tribunal when terminating a representation. When ordered to do so by a tribunal, a lawyer
   shall continue representation notwithstanding good cause for terminating the
   representation.

   (d) Upon termination of representation, a lawyer shall take steps to the extent
   reasonably practicable to protect a client's interests, such as giving reasonable notice to
   the client, allowing time for employment of other counsel, surrendering papers and
   property to which the client is entitled and refunding any advance payment of fee or
   expense that has not been earned or incurred. The lawyer may retain papers relating to the
   client to the extent permitted by other law.

Emphasis Added.

Once the client has discharged a lawyer, the lawyer no longer has authority to act on behalf of
the client. But the lawyer remains obligated to provide an accounting of client funds under Rule
1.15(a) and to surrender property (client funds) “to which the client is entitled.” Thus, a lawyer
may account for and hold client funds when the former client’s obligations could subject the
lawyer to a personal liability if not satisfied through the client’s funds.

                                        Conclusion

In sum, a lawyer would not violate the Rules of Professional Conduct by satisfying common law,
statutory, or other enforceable lien claims or obligations from funds held in the lawyer’s trust
account so as to insure that the lawyer is not held personally liable for the client’s obligation. In
these circumstances the lawyer would be well advised to seek a determination from a court or

other tribunal of the validity and amount of the lien or other legal obligation affecting the client’s
funds before disbursing the funds.

The Rules of Professional Conduct address only the ethical duties of an attorney in Kentucky,
not the substantive law on liens, subrogation claims, client contracts, ERISA liens,
Medicare/Medicaid issues, or child support claims or liens, etc. The legal viability of those types
of claims must be assessed by the lawyer on a case-by-case basis. It would be appropriate for
lawyers to consider, when preparing their engagement letters, adding a provision explaining the
lawyer’s legal obligations in disbursing client funds.

                                                       Note

To the extent that Formal Opinion KBA Ethics Op. 383 (1995) was based upon SCR 3.130 (Rule
1.15) as it existed prior to the 2014 Amendment to Rule 1.15 and is inconsistent with this
Opinion, this Opinion controls.

                                               Note to Reader

This ethics opinion has been formally adopted by the Board of Governors of the Kentucky Bar
Association under the provisions of Kentucky Supreme Court Rule 3.530. This Rule provides that
formal opinions are advisory only.

1
Order 2013-12, effective January 1, 2014 [Note: The bracketed and underlined language appears in the June 19,
2013 Supreme Court Rules Hearing presentation as the proposed amendment to SCR 3.130(Rule 1.15)].

 XIII. SCR 3.130(1.15)(b) and (c) Safekeeping property
 Sections (b) and (c) of SCR 3.130(1.15) shall read:
 (b) Upon receiving funds or other property in which a client [or third person] has an interest, a lawyer shall
 promptly notify the client [,third person, or both in the event of claims by each to the property]. Except as stated
 in this Rule or otherwise permitted by law or by agreement with the client [third person, or both in the event of a
 claim by each to the property] a lawyer shall promptly deliver to the client [or third person] any funds or other
 property that the client [or third person] is entitled to receive and, upon request by the client [or third person],
 shall promptly render a full accounting regarding such property.
 (c) When in the course of representation a lawyer is in possession of funds or other property in which [two or
 more persons (one of whom may be the lawyer)] the lawyer and client claim interests and are not in agreement
 regarding those interests, the funds or other property in dispute shall be kept separate by the lawyer until the
 dispute is resolved. The lawyer shall promptly distribute all portions of the funds or other property in [as to]
 which the interests are not in conflict [dispute].

2
The KBA Ethics 2000 Committee Report contains the following discussion of the then proposed Rule 1.15 as
compared to the Model Rule 1.15 at pp. 1-170-1-171:

 3. Discussion and Explanation of Recommendation:

 a. Comparison of proposed Kentucky Rule with its counterpart ABA Model Rule.

 (1) The proposed KRPC 1.15 is consistent with MR 1.15 with these exceptions:
(a) Language has been added to paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of the Rule clarifying responsibilities when there is a
claim by both a client and third party for funds held by a lawyer.

(b) Language has been added to Comment [4] that allows a lawyer to deposit funds for restitution for conversion
of client funds caused by others.
(c) Committee drafted new Comment [5] is added to amplify paragraph (c) of the Rule concerning when funds
must be deposited in a client trust account.
(d) Language has been added to Comment [3] that provides additional guidance for resolving third party claims
against client funds.
(e) MR Comment [6] (Ed. Note: This is Comment [5] in current KRPC 1.15.) is deleted because its guidance on a
client security fund is not applicable to Kentucky.

b. Detailed discussion of reason for variance from ABA Model Rule (if any).

   The proposed KRPC 1.15 variances from MR 1.15 are for the purpose of clarifying and expanding

guidance on lawyer duties in managing client funds. These additions were determined to be necessary based on
bar disciplinary cases and the numerous questions lawyers have asked the Ethics Hotline about client trust
account management and the claims of lien holders and the like. Additionally, the Committee retained the
organization of the current KRPC 1.15 for continuity in citation of the Rule in CLE and disciplinary matters.

Emphasis Added.