C.D. Smith Construction Co., Inc.

Plain-English summary

C.D. Smith Construction was performing general building work in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where vertical reinforcing bars projected above a mezzanine deck without caps or guardrails. Employees came within three or four feet of the rebar while nailing plywood and returned within one or two feet while carrying guardrail materials. The ALJ found that this brief access was enough to establish exposure. Smith's greater-hazard defense failed because it did not seek a variance or show that applying for one would have been inappropriate for its routine work practice. The violation was repeated because a prior citation under the same standard had become final. The judge reduced the proposed $5,000 penalty to $1,000 based on low gravity, Smith's safety efforts, prompt abatement, and limited exposure. Smith separately withdrew its contest to an other-than-serious eye-protection item after its penalty was reduced to $100.

Decision snapshot

• Cited standard(s): 29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.701(b) and 1926.102(a)(2)
• Outcome: The repeat unguarded-rebar item was affirmed with a $1,000 penalty, and the separate other-than-serious item became final with a $100 penalty.
• Key point: A greater-hazard defense fails when an employer does not show why seeking a variance would have been inappropriate for a recurring work practice.

Full text (OSHRC public release)

                                          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                 OCCUPATIONAL        SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION
                                         1244  N. SPEER BOULEVARD
                                                  ROOM 250
                                       DENVER, COLORADO 802043582

PHONE FAX
COM (303) 844-2281 COM (303) 844-3759
FTS (303) 844-2281 F-6 (3031 844-3759

SECRETARY OF LABOR,
Complainant,

     v.                                                              OSHRC Docket No, 92-2425

C.D. SMITH CONSTRUCIION
co., INC.,
Respondent. ’

APPEARANCES:

                  Miguel J. Carmona, Esq., Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor,
                   Chicago, Illinois

                  Paul D. Lawent, Esq., The Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.,
                   Madison, Wisconsin

Before: Administrative Law Judge James A. Croriin, Jr.

                                      DECISION AND ORDER


          This proceeding arises under the Occupational              Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29

U.S.C. Section 651 et seq.; hereafter called the “Act”).
Respondent, C.D. Smith Construction Company, Inc. (Smith), at all times relevant
to this matter, maintained a workplace at 920 East Michigan Avenue, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, where it was engaged in general building construction. Smith admits it em-
ployed workers at the Michigan Avenue worksite and is engaged in a business affecting
commerce. Therefore, Smith is an employer within the meaning of, and subject to, the
Act .
On June 16, 1992, a Compliance Officer (CO) with the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) conducted an inspection of Respondent’s Michigan
 UNITED STATES Oc=AMERICA
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION
One Lafayette Centre
1120 20th Street, N.W. - 9th Floor
Washington, DC 20036-3419

                                                                                                   FAX.

PHONE:
COM(202)606-5100
COM (202)60&5050
Ffs ~202)606-5050
FTs(202)60&5lfL

         SECRETARY              OF LABOR
                                  Complainant,
                       v.                                                          OSHRC DOCKET
                                                                                   NO. 92-2425
         C. D. SMITH CONSTRUCTION                       CO., INC.
                        Respondent.


                                     .NOTICE OF DOCKETING
                               OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE’S DECISION
              The Administrative Law Judge’s Re ort in the above referenced case was
         docketed with the Commission on July P5, 1993. The decision of the Judge
         will become a final order of the Commission on August 16, 1993 unless a
         Commission member directs review of the decision on or before that date. ANY
         PARTY DESIRING REVIEW OF THE JUDGE’S DECISION BY THE
         COMMISSION MUST FILE A PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW.
         Any such petition should be received by the Executive Secretary on or before
         August 4, 1993 in order to ermit sufficient time for its review. See
         Commission Rule 91, 29 C.e .R. 2200.91.
            All further pleadings or communications                 regarding this case shall be
         addressed to:
                                       Executive Secretary
                                       Occupational Safety and Health
                                        Review Commission
                                       1120 20th St. N.W., Suite 980
                                       Washington, D.C. 20036-3419
         Petitioning        parties shall also mail a copy to:

                                       Daniel J. Mick, Esq.
                                       Counsel for Regional Trial Liti ation
                               --      Office of the Solicitor, U.S. DO5
                                       Room S4004
                                       200 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
                                       Washington, D.C. 20210
         If a Direction for Review is issued by the Commission, then the Counsel for
         Regional Trial Litigation will represent the Department of Labor. Any party
         havmg questions about review rights may contact the Commission’s Executive
         Secretary or call (202) 606-5400.

                                                          FOR THE COMMISSION


        Date: July 15, 1993                ’

DOCKET NO. 92-2425

NOTICE IS GIVEN TO THE FOLLOWING:

Daniel J. Mick, Esq.
Counsel for Regional Trial Litigation
Office of the Solicitor, U.S. DOL
Room S4004
200 Constitution Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 202 10

John H. Secaras, Esq.
Re ional Solicitor
Of&e of the Solicitor U.S. DOL
230 South Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL 60604

Paul D. Lawent, Es .
Wisconsin Chapter %h e Associated
General Contrators of America, Inc.
4814 East Broadwa’
Madison, WI 5371 t?

James A. Cronin
Administrative Law Jud e
Occupational Safety an B Health
Review Commission
Room 250
1244 North S eer Boulevard
Denver, CO f 0204 3582

00102978855 : 05
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION
1244 N. SPEER BOULEVARD
ROOM 250
DENVER, COLORADO 802043582

PHONE FAX
COM (303) 844-2281 COM (303) 844-3759
FTS (303) 844-2281 F-6 (3031 844-3759

SECRETARY OF LABOR,
Complainant,

     v.                                                               OSHRC Docket No, 92-2425

C.D. SMITH CONSTRUCTION
co., INC.,
Respondent. ’

APPEARANCES:

                  Miguel J. Carmona, Esq., Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor,
                   Chicago, Illinois

                  Paul D. Lawent, Esq., The Associated General Contractors of America, Inc.,
                   Madison, Wisconsin

Before: Administrative Law Judge James A. Croriin, Jr.

                                      DECISION AND ORDER


          This proceeding arises under the Occupational               Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29

U.S.C. Section 651 et seq.; hereafter called the “Act”).
Respondent, C.D. Smith Construction Company, Inc. (Smith), at all times relevant
to this matter, maintained a workplace at 920 East Michigan Avenue, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, where it was engaged in general building construction. Smith admits it em-
ployed workers at the Michigan Avenue worksite and is engaged in a business affecting
commerce. Therefore, Smith is an employer within the meaning of, and subject to, the
Act .
On June 16, 1992, a Compliance Officer (CO) with the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) conducted an inspection of Respondent’s Michigan
Avenue worksite (Tr. 9). As a result, Smith was issued a “repeat” citation alleging
violation of 29 CFR 51926.701(b) of the Act, and an “other than serious” citation
alleging violation of §1926.102(a)(2).
By filing a timely notice of contest Smith brought this proceeding before the
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (Commission). on March 9, 1993,
a hearing was held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. At the hearing, Smith withdrew its contest
to the “other than serious” citation; the Secretary amended the notification of penalty to
$100.00 (Tr. 60). As amended, citation 2 is deemed a final order of the Commission.
The parties have submitted briefs on the remaining issue and the matter is ready
for decision.

                                     Alleged Violation
    Repeat citation 1, item 1 alleges:

1
29 CFR 1926.701(b): All protruding reinforcing steel, onto and/or into which employees
could fall or come against, was not guarded to the hazard of impalement:

    (a)    Employees engaged in installing wood decking adjacent to #5 rebars
    protruding vertically 18 to 24 inches from floor elevation were not guarded posing
    a potential impalement hazard at the East end of mezzanine level.


                                           Issues

1. Whether the Secretary has shown that Smith employees were exposed to the cited
   hazard?

2. Whether Smith has proved the “greater hazard” affirmative defense?

                         Alleged Violation of 81962.70Ubl
   In order to prove a violation      of section 5(a)(2) of the Act, the Secretary must
   

   show by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the cited standard applies, (2) there
   was a failure to comply with the cited standard, (3) employees had access to the violative
   condition and (4) the cited employer either knew or could have known of the condition
    with the exercise of reasonable diligence. Waker Towing Cop., 14 BNA OSHC 2072,
   1991 CCH ~SHD W29,239 (No. 87-1359, 1991).
   During his June 16, 1992 inspection, CO Carl Meister observed and photographed
   vertical reinforcing steel bars for a poured concrete wall protruding above the level of
   the deck in the mezzanine area (Tr. 12, 16; Exh. C-3, C-3b). It is undisputed that
   51926.701(b) applies, that the exposed rebar was unguarded, and that Smith supervisory
   personnel were aware of the condition.
   Exposure
   When CO Meister arrived on the mezzanine around 1:OOp.m., Smith employees
   were working approximately 20 feet from the exposed rebar (Tr. 13). However, Smith’s
   foreman, Rex Bendrich, told the CO that that morning employees had been working
   laying the plywood deck which extended to within a foot of the exposed rebar (Tr. 13,
   19). CO Meister saw clothing hanging from a concrete wall immediately adjacent to, or
   about two feet from, the exposed rebar (Tr. 17-18; Exh. R-2). A wood sawhorse was set
   up in front of the rebar, wood was leaning against the concrete forms behind the rebar,
   and an extension cord ran between the rebar and the form work (Tr. 17, 36-37, 40; Exh.

   C-3) .
   Mr. Bendrich testified that no employees were exposed to the unguarded rebar.
   . He stated that after a concrete wall is poured, shoring is installed, I-beams and aluminum
   are laid on the shoring, and plywood placed on top of that (Tr. 69-70). Bendrich main-
   tained that employees work from the shoring where the cited rebar extends approxi-
   mately six feet above their heads (Tr. 70). Bendrich stated that the clothing and the
   extension cord CO Meister saw were thrown up from the shoring below onto rebar (Tr.
   73, 74-75, 91).
   Bendrich adiriitted, however, that employees would come within three or four feet
   of the rebar on the deck level when nailing the plywood sheets down. Bendrich main-
   tained that the employees normally kneeled when performing this task, but agreed that
   they stood when finished and also that they returned to within a foot or two of the rebar
   carrying the materials with which to put up the guardrails. (Tr. 72-77, 89, 96; Exh. R-2).

                                              3
   

   me evidence establishes that Smith’s employees came within three or four feet of
   the unprotected rebar, albeit briefly, when they moved from their task of nahg the
   plywood deck into place. Employees were also exposed when bringing materials into the

area for constructing the guardrails.
The Secretary has thus established a prima facie violation of §1926.701@).
Greater Hazard
CO Meister recommended guarding the rebar with plastic caps manufactured for
that purpose (Tr. 46-48, 57). Mr. Bendrich testifjed, however, that the concrete pour
would dislodge caps applied prior to pouring (Tr. 64-65). Bendrich further stated that
there was no other safe way to use caps (Tr. 66), testifying that the cited rebar was 22 ,

feet above ground that was rough and uneven, and that to set up a ladder to cap the
rebar would have been dangerous (Tr. 78). Bendrich admitted, however, that planking
was laid down prior to the shoring and that ladders could have been safely set up on the
planking (Tr. 80).
Except when working on the ground, it was Smith’s normal practice to wait until
&cl&g was installed before guarding exposed rebar (Tr. 97-98). Smith, however, did not
apply for a variance from the application of the cited standard (Tr. 107).
In order to establish the greater hazard affirmative defense, the employer must
show that 1) the hazards of compliance are greater than the hazards of non-compliance;
2) alternative means of protection are unavailable; and 3) an application for a variance
would be inappropriate. Waker Towing Corp., supra.
Smith admits it did not apply for a variance and failed to show that application for
a variance was inappropriate. The circumstances litigated here were not unique or
unforeseeable; the practices in this case were Smith’s standard procedures whenever
encountering exposed rebar above ground level. Because Smith failed to show that an
application for a variance was inappropriate, it is unnecessary to discuss the first two
elements of the greater hazard defense. Spancrete Northeast, Inc., 15 BNA OSHC 1020,
1991 CCH OSHD Il29,313 (No. 86-521, 1991).
Smith has failed to make out its affirmative defense to the violation, and the cita-
tion will be affirmed.

                                               4

Penalty
A penalty of $5,000.00 is proposed.
CO Meister testified that Smith is a large company with over 250 employees
(Tr. 50).
It is uncontested that the violation is properly characterized as “repeat.” Smith
previously received a citation for violation of the same standard, which became a final
order of the Commission on April 11, 1992 (Tr. 48-49). Because the violation was
repeated, no credit was given for either good faith or prior history (Tr. SO). Smith, how-
ever, introduced memoranda from its management emphasizing safety generally and
protection of exposed rebar specifically (Exh. R-5, R-6). Other rebar on the site had
been guarded with caps or railings, and guardrails protecting the cited rebar were erected
immediately following the inspection (Tr. 85, 97; Exh. R-l through R-4).
The gravity of the violation is moderately low. The probable result of an
employee tripping or falling into rebar is impalement, a serious injury (Tr. 45). Smith’s
protective measures, although falling short of compliance with the standard, limited the
period of exposure to a brief space of time between the completion of the plywood deck
and the erection of guardrails. Because of the limited exposure, the likelihood of an
accident occurring was small.
Taking into consideration the relevant factors, this judge finds that the gravity of
the violation was overstated. In addition, this judge finds that Smith is entitled to a
reduction in the penalty for good faith based on its efforts to alert its supervisory person-
nel to the hazard posed by exposed rebar and its immediate abatement of the hazard. A
penalty of $l,OOO.OOwill be assessed.
Conclusions of Law

1. The Secretary has shown, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Smith violated
   $1926.701(b) on June 16, 1991.

2. Respondent failed to prove the greater hazard affirmative defense.
    Findings of Fact
   Al findings of fact relevant and necessary to a determination of the contested
   issues have been found specially and appear in the decision above. See Rule 52(a) of
   the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Proposed Findings of Fact that are inconsistent

with this decision are denied.
ORDER

1. Repeat citation 1, item 1, alleging violation of 51926.701(b) is AFFIRMED, and a
   penalty of $l,OOO.OOis ASSESSED.

                                                    Y Judge, OSHRC
   

Dated: JULY g8 1933