Pegasus Tower

Plain-English summary

Pegasus Tower employees erected a television tower and worked hundreds of feet above the ground. OSHA cited hazards involving employees riding a dual-drum hoist line, inadequate fall-protection training, and failure to maintain continuous fall protection while moving on the tower. The Commission affirmed the general-duty violation based on Pegasus's own recognition that raising and lowering employees on the hoist line was dangerous, without deciding whether the entire industry recognized the hazard. It also affirmed the training and personal fall-protection items, including the item the judge had reduced from willful to serious. Because two fall-protection items required substantially similar personal protective equipment, the Commission grouped their penalties at $6,300. The total penalty for the items before it was reduced to $13,700.

Decision snapshot

• Cited standard(s): 29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1); 29 C.F.R. § 1926.21(b)(2); 29 C.F.R. § 1926.95(c); 29 C.F.R. § 1926.105(a)
• Outcome: Four tower-safety items were affirmed, with grouped penalties producing a $13,700 total.
• Key point: Employer recognition alone can establish hazard recognition under the general duty clause, without proof that the whole industry recognizes the hazard.

Full text (OSHRC public release)

PEGASUS TOWER, Docket No. 01-0547

SECRETARY OF LABOR,

Complainant,

v.

OSHRC Docket No. 01-0547

PEGASUS TOWER,

Respondent.

DECISION

Before: RAILTON, Chairman; and ROGERS, Commissioner.

BY THE COMMISSION:

Pegasus Tower (“Pegasus”) is a business engaged in dismantling and erecting
television transmission towers. On January 18, 2001, the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (“OSHA”) began an inspection of Pegasus’ work site at the Channel 23
Tower erection site located in Akron, Ohio. As a result of the inspection, OSHA issued a
five-item serious citation, a one-item willful citation and a one-item other-than-serious
citation alleging violations of section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act
of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §§ 651-678 (“the Act”), and various OSHA standards. A total penalty
of $24,600 was proposed. Administrative Law Judge Covette Rooney affirmed all the
cited violations, but characterized the alleged willful violation as serious and assessed a
total penalty of $16,500.

We have examined the record in its entirety and considered the arguments of the
parties.

We conclude that with two exceptions discussed below, the evidence and applicable
legal precedent support the judge’s decision.

Discussion

In Citation 1, Item 1, the Secretary alleges a violation of section 5(a)(1) of the Act,
also known as the general duty clause,

for Pegasus’ failure to protect employees from
“[p]otential falls in excess of 400 feet at the Channel 23 Tower erection site” when employees
used the dual-drum hoist line to access their workstations at the top of the tower. To establish a
violation of the general duty clause, the Secretary must demonstrate that (1) a condition or
activity in the workplace presented a hazard, (2) the employer or its industry recognized the
hazard, (3) the hazard was likely to cause death or serious physical harm, and (4) a feasible and
effective means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the hazard. Nelson Tree Serv., Inc. v.
OSHRC , 60 F.3d 1207 (6th Cir. 1995). In affirming the violation, the judge found that use
of the dual-drum hoist to lift Pegasus employees to and from the tower presented a fall
hazard to those employees; that such a fall was likely to cause death or serious physical
harm; and that feasible and effective means of abatement, as set forth in OSHA
Instruction Compliance Directive 2-1.29 (“CPL”), existed to eliminate or materially
reduce this hazard.

With regard to recognition of the alleged hazard, the judge found that “the
tower erection industry [has] recognized the hazards associated with the hoisting of employees to
and from their work stations…by participating in the Task Force that resulted in CPL 2-1.29.”

We also affirm the violation of section 5(a)(1), but rest our finding of hazard
recognition solely on Pegasus’ own recognition of the hazard. The Commission has
stated that “[h]azard recognition may be shown by either actual knowledge of the
employer or the standard of knowledge in the employer’s industry[.]” Kokosing Constr.
Co., Inc. , 17 BNA OSHC 1869, 1873, 1995-97 CCH OSHD ¶ 31,207, p. 43,725 (No. 92-2596, 1996) (citing Cont’l Oil Co. v. OSHRC , 630 F.2d 446, 448 (6th Cir. 1980)). Here,
testimony from Pegasus’ safety instructor shows that Pegasus itself recognized the
dangers associated with raising and lowering employees on the hoist line. Therefore, it is
unnecessary for us to determine whether the tower erection industry has also recognized
the hazard. Accordingly, we affirm the general duty clause violation, but do so based on
Pegasus’ own recognition of the hazard.

Finally, with regard to penalty, we find that it is appropriate in this case to assess
one penalty for the closely-related violations affirmed under Citation 1, Item 4 and
Citation 2, Item 1. Both of these items require Pegasus to provide its employees with
adequate personal fall protection equipment. See L.E. Myers Co. , 16 BNA OSHC 1037,
1048, 1993-95 CCH OSHD ¶ 30,016, p. 41,134-35 (No. 90-945, 1993) (assessing a single
penalty for two violations that are substantially similar). Taking into consideration the
statutory factors set forth at section 17(j) of the Act, we assess a single penalty of $6,300
for Citation 1, Item 4 and Citation 2, Item 1.

Order

Accordingly, we affirm Citation 1, Items 1, 3 and 4, and Citation 2, Item 1. We
also affirm the penalties as assessed by the judge for Items 1 and 3 of Citation 1. We
assess a single penalty of $6,300 for Citation 1, Item 4 and Citation 2, Item 1. Therefore,
we assess a total penalty of $13,700 for all the affirmed violations.

SO ORDERED.

/s/_______

W. Scott Railton

Chairman

/s/_______

Thomasina V. Rogers

Commissioner

Dated: July 13, 2005

SECRETARY OF LABOR,

Complainant,

v.

OSHRC DOCKET No. 01-1547

PEGASUS TOWER,

Respondent.

Appearances:    Patrick L. DePace, Esquire                               Bradford Broadus

U.S. Department of Labor                                Beau Broadus

Office of the Solicitor                           Pegasus Tower

Cleveland, OH                                                  Calico Rock, AR

For the Complainant.                                        For the Respondent.

BEFORE:         Covette Rooney

Administrative Law Judge

DECISION AND ORDER

This proceeding is before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (“the
Commission”) pursuant to section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29
U.S.C. § 651 et seq . (“the Act”). The record establishes that Pegasus Tower (“Pegasus” or
“Respondent”) at all times relevant to this case had an office and principal place of business in
Calico, Arkansas, and maintained a work site in Akron, Ohio, where it was engaged in the
dismantling and erection of television transmission towers . Respondent engages in this type of
work in various states across the country. (Tr. 194-95, 199, 274-75). I find that this is
construction activity which as a whole affects interstate commerce. See Clarence M. Jones d/b/a
C. Jones Co. , 11 BNA OSHC 1529 (No. 77-3676, 1983). I further find that Respondent is an
employer engaged in a business affecting commerce within the meaning of section 3(5) of the
Act and that it is subject to the requirements of the Act.

Compliance Officer (“CO”) Daniel Pubal of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (“OSHA”) inspected Respondent’s work site in Akron, Ohio, during January and
February of 2001, and, as a result, issued three citations alleging serious, willful and “other”
violations. The total proposed penalty for the citations was $24,600.00. Respondent timely
contested the citations and proposed penalties, and a hearing was held in Cleveland, Ohio from
May 28 through 30, 2002. The parties have briefed the issues, and this matter is ready for
disposition.

Background

In November of 2000, Pegasus began work on a project, owned by a televison station, in
Akron, Ohio. The project involved demolishing a 344-foot tower and erecting a 1000-foot tower,
and the job required the employees of Pegasus to work at heights of up to 1000 feet.

Bradford
Broadus (“Bradford”) is the rigging and safety instructor of Pegasus. He has worked in the tower
erection industry since 1972 and has put up more than 200 towers all over the United States, and
his job includes instructing employees in how to do their work. Bradford’s son, Beau Broadus
(“Beau”) is the owner of Pegasus. Whenever work was taking place at the site, either Beau or
Bradford was present and in charge of the job. (Tr. 194-95, 198-99, 274-75).

The inspection began on January 18, 2001, when CO Pubal drove by the site and
observed the tower under construction.

Before going onto the site, the CO watched and videoed
the work activity. He saw two to three people working about 300 feet off the ground without
proper fall protection. He noted they did not use safety harnesses but instead used saddle belts
and positioning equipment with short lanyards that did not allow them to remain tied off the
entire time; thus, they had no fall protection when moving from point to point. When the CO
went onto the site, he spoke first to some employees who were on the ground. He then held an
opening conference with Beau, who had been up on the tower but had come down, after which
he began his inspection. CO Pubal observed employees “riding the line” from a dual-drum hoist
in order to both access and egress the tower. He noted that the dual-drum hoist was a mechanical
hoist and that it did not meet OSHA’s requirements for personnel lifting, and he spoke to
Bradford’s brother, who was operating the hoist that day. CO Pubal also observed a lack of hard
hats, both among employees on the tower and those on the ground tending to guy lines and other
matters. Finally, CO Pubal observed a propane tank near a stairway on the outside of the
building. When the CO inquired about the training employees had received, he learned that they
had been trained in rigging and tower work but not in the type of personal fall arrest systems that
should be used. (Tr. 13-19, 46-48, 52; Exh. C-2).

The CO returned to the site with his supervisor, Thomas Pontuti, two days later, and they
observed employees again working on the tower at a height of about 300 feet. The CO saw
essentially the same equipment he had seen the first day, and he and Mr. Pontuti spoke to Beau,
to Bradford’s brother, and to other employees. The CO expressed concern that they were not in
compliance, and, upon leaving, he advised that he expected the use of full body harnesses and
double or split lanyards, unless they wanted to use nets. The CO returned a couple of days later
to give Pegasus more information about fall protection, and he made several follow-up visits to
the site; during one of these, Mr. Pontuti had an in-depth discussion with Bradford. After a
number of visits, the CO believed that Pegasus was not going to get the harnesses and he brought
up posting an imminent danger sign with the site owner. The site owner then put pressure on
Pegasus to get the proper fall protection, after which compliance was achieved. (Tr. 20-28, 154-55).

OSHA Compliance Directive CPL 2-1.29

Compliance Assistance Specialist (“CAS”) Thomas Pontuti testified that the fatality rate
in the telecommunication tower erection industry exceeds the fatality rate for every other U.S.
industry.

He further testified that due to the hazards of tower erection, and the fact that OSHA
had no specific standards in this regard, the tower erection industry asked OSHA to establish
safety guidelines for the industry. In August of 1997, OSHA formed a multi-agency Tower Task
Force that included representatives of OSHA, NIOSH and other agencies. The Task Force
worked with the National Association of Tower Erectors (“NATE”) to develop a compliance
directive regarding the hazards in the industry, and the directive, CPL 2-1.29, became effective
January 15, 1999.

(Tr. 160-63; Exh. C-3). The directive addresses fall protection and safe
access, and, in particular, does the following:

•            Establishes uniform policies and procedures for OSHA compliance officers when
conducting inspections of towers under construction

•            Describes best practices for use by the industry

•            Requires telecommunication tower workers to maintain 100% fall protection when
working 25 feet or more above the ground (this requirement applies to workers
ascending, descending, or moving from point to point)

•            Specifies procedures and allowable conditions under which workers may access the
tower by “riding the line” (a practice in which workers are directly lifted up a tower by a
hoist line)

• Prohibits riding the line for work at heights less than 200 feet above the ground.
  Requires instead that workers access work stations at these heights using
  conventional methods such as climbing with fall protection or use of a personnel
  platform

• Permits up to two tower erectors at a time to ride the line for work at heights more than
  200 feet above the ground when (1) towers are erected with gin poles, (2) conditions
  preclude the use of a personnel platform, and (3) other conventional methods of climbing
  using a ladder or other approved climbing devices might create a greater hazard from
  fatigue or repetitive stress.

•            Specifies minimum requirements for allowing workers to be hoisted on the hoist line,
such as the following:

- Worker training

- Use of hoisting equipment that has been approved, certified, and/or inspected by a
registered professional engineer or other designated professional

- Trial lift and proof-testing procedures

- Pre-lift meetings

- Documentation of procedures used

- Continuous communication between hoist operator and workers being hoisted

- Consideration of environmental conditions

- Specifications and maintenance for hydraulic hoists and gin poles.

See also NIOSH Alert, Preventing Injuries and Deaths from Falls during Construction and
Maintenance of Telecommunication Towers , DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-156 (July
2001).

Serious Citation 1, Item 1

Item 1 of Serious Citation 1 alleges a violation of the general duty clause, section 5(a)(1)
of the Act, as follows:

The employer did not furnish employment and a place of employment which were
free from recognized hazards that were causing or likely to cause death or serious
physical harm to employees in that employees were exposed to: Potential falls in
excess of 400 feet at the Channel 23 Tower erection site in Akron, Ohio.

Among other methods, feasible and acceptable methods to control the hazards
are: Ensure the design and use of the base-mounted dual drum hoist used to lift
employees to and from their workstations aloft be in accordance with OSHA
Compliance Directive CPL 2-1-29.

The general duty clause was enacted to cover serious hazards where no specific standard
applies. To prove a section 5(a)(1) violation, the Secretary must show that: (1) a condition or
activity in the employer’s workplace presented a hazard to employees; (2) the employer or the
employer’s industry recognized the hazard; (3) the hazard was causing or likely to cause death or
serious physical harm; and (4) feasible means existed to eliminate or materially reduce the
hazard. Kokosing Constr. Co., Inc., 17 BNA OSHC 1869, 1872 (No. 92-2596, 1996); Waldon
Healthcare Center, 16 BNA OSHC 1052 (Nos. 89-2804 & 89-3097, 1993) ; Tampa Shipyards,
Inc., 15 BNA OSHA 1533 (Nos. 86-360 & 86-469, 1992) ; Pelron Corp . , 12 BNA OSHC 1833,
1835, (No. 82-388, 1986). “Congress conceived of occupational hazards in terms of processes
and materials which cause injury or disease by operating directly upon employees as they engage
in work or work-related activities.” American Cyanamid Co., 9 BNA OSHC 1591, 1600 (No. 79-5762, 1981), aff’d , 741 F.2d 444 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Under section 5(a)(1), a “hazard is deemed
‘recognized’ when the potential danger of a condition or activity is either actually known to the
particular employer or generally known in the industry.” Pepperidge Farm, Inc., 17 BNA OSHC
1993, 2003 (No. 89-265, 1997). The Secretary “must show that knowledgeable persons familiar
with the industry would regard additional measures as necessary and appropriate in the particular
circumstances existing at the employer’s worksite.” Inland Steel Co., 12 BNA OSHC 1968,
1970-71 (No. 79-3286, 1986). As to feasibility, the “Secretary has the burden of coming forward
with evidence on the feasibility issue.” Whirlpool Corp. v. OSHRC, 645 F. 2d 1096, 1098 (D. C.
Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1132 (1982). She “must specify the proposed abatement
measures and demonstrate both that the measures are capable of being put into effect and that
they would be effective in materially reducing the incidence of the hazard.” Beverly Enter., Inc.,
19 BNA OSHC 1161, 1190 (Nos. 91-3144, 92-238, 92-819, 92-1257, 93-724, 2000). She must
also show that her proposed abatement measures are economically feasible. Waldon Healthcare
Center , 16 BNA OSHC 1052, 1063 (Nos. 89-2804 & 89-3097, 1993).

The Secretary alleges that the conditions for raising and lowering employees to and from
their work stations on Respondent’s work site did not comply with CPL 2-1.29, thereby exposing
employees to fall hazards in excess of 400 feet, and that implementation of the recommendations
of CPL 2-1.29 would have reduced these hazards. (Tr. 175). The Secretary cited ten deficiencies
which were not in compliance with the recommendations set forth in CPL 2-1.29 (Exh. C-3).

I find that the record discloses unrebutted evidence of these deficiencies. First, Pegasus
allowed employees to ride on the base-mounted dual-drum hoist line at the same time loads were
lifted, a practice that increased the potential for falls or being caught on something. (Tr. 18, 45-48, 61-62, 119, 140-41, 291; Exhs. C-1, C-2). Second, Pegasus lifted up to four employees at a
time on the load line, a practice prohibited by CPL 2-129. (Tr. 58-60, 177, 200-01; Exhs. C-1, C-2). The hoist also permitted “free spooling,” which allowed the line to run with no mechanical
resistance, and, as a result, personnel could be raised or lowered too quickly. (Tr. 76, 155).
Third, Pegasus did not ensure that proper fall arrest equipment was provided, used and inspected
before riding the line. (Tr. 21-22, 58-61, 125-26; Exh. C-1).

Fourth, anti two-blocking was not provided on the hoist line where employees rode the
line up above the base of the gin pole. The CPL recommends that a hoist used for raising or
lowering employees must have an anti two-blocking device to prevent employees or materials
being lifted from being pulled into the pulley connected to the tower at the top of the line. If a
person or piece of equipment is drawn into the pulley, the person or equipment can fall and the
tower itself can collapse. The CPL allows alternate methods to prevent the hazard, such as using
radio contact or having an employee at the top to monitor the pulley. Regardless, the hoist at the
site did not have an anti two-blocking device, and no alternate means of protection was in use.
(Tr. 63-66).

Fifth, the hoist was anchored to a flatbed trailer that was not anchored to prevent
movement. (Tr. 67, 294-95; Exh. C-1). An inadequately anchored hoist can move while
employees or equipment are being hoisted, causing falls. (Tr. 67-68). Sixth, there was no
redundant automatic emergency brake in use on the dual-drum hoist. (Tr. 70-71). Seventh, there
was no line speed indicator on the hoist to indicate the speed at which it was being operated. (Tr.
74-76). Eighth, the brakes were not automatically applied upon return of the control lever to its
center or neutral position, and unmarked controls were not the self-centering or deadman type
that returned the machine to neutral when the control lever was released. (Tr. 69, 76-77.) Thus,
the brakes would not automatically engage if for some reason the hoist operator lost control, and
a person being hoisted up or down could be injured if the operator could not stop the hoist in
time; for example, a person who got caught or “hung up” on the tower could be injured if the
hoist continued to operate. (Tr. 69-70)

Ninth, there were no pre-lift meetings and documentation of such meetings on the work
site to ensure that workers were trained about the procedures to follow if an emergency occurred.
(Tr. 77-78). Pegasus held daily meetings, and these were documented. However, the meetings
were for the limited purpose of discussing the work to be performed that day and to advise
workers to “be careful.” (T. 212, 284, 323; Exh. G-5). Finally, there were no operating manuals
or inspection logs maintained on the site for the subject hoist, and the gin pole personnel load
capacity and material load capacity of the lifting system was not posted within sight of the
operator. (Tr. 79-81). Pegasus acknowledged that it had not met these documentation
requirements. (Tr. 212-14).

It is undisputed that employees falling under the foregoing conditions were likely to
suffer death or serious bodily injury, (Tr. 52-53, 85-86, 173-74, 243-44, 282), and Pegasus
conceded that employees “riding the line” could fall or hit the tower or drop materials or
equipment on those below. (T. 225-26). Moreover, as set out supra , the tower erection industry
recognized the hazards associated with the hoisting of employees to and from their work stations
and addressed feasible means of reducing or eliminating those hazards by participating in the
Task Force that resulted in CPL 2-1.29. Respondent’s implementation of this directive could
have abated the cited hazards. In addition, CAS Pontuti testified that he had observed employers
using crane baskets or elevators to raise and lower employees, thereby eliminating the hazards
associated with riding the line. (Tr. 174).

Based on the foregoing, I find that the Secretary has satisfied her burden of proving that
Pegasus failed to provide its employees a workplace free from recognized hazards that were
causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm. This citation item is affirmed as a
serious violation because it is clear that falls from 300 to 1000 feet could result in death or
serious physical harm.

(Tr. 85-86). The Secretary has proposed a penalty of $2,000.00 for this
item. After giving due consideration to the company’s size, history and good faith, and to the
gravity of the violation, I find the proposed penalty appropriate and it is accordingly assessed.

(Tr. 104-05).

Serious Citation 1, Items 2a, 2b and 2c

Items 2a, 2b and 2c of Citation 1 allege violations of 29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.1200(e)(1),
(g)(8) and (h), respectively, which provide as follows:

(e)(1) Employers shall develop, implement, and maintain at each workplace, a
written hazard communication program which at least describes how the criteria
specified in paragraphs (f), (g), and (h) of this section for labels and other forms
of warning, material safety data sheets, and employee information and training
will be met, and which also includes the following:

(g)(8) The employer shall maintain in the workplace copies of the required
material safety data sheets for each hazardous chemical, and shall ensure that they
are readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their
work area(s). (Electronic access, microfiche, and other alternatives to maintaining
paper copies of the material safety data sheets are permitted as long as no barriers
to immediate employee access in each workplace are created by such options.)

(h) Employers shall provide employees with effective information and training on
hazardous chemicals in their work area at the time of their initial assignment, and
whenever a new physical or health hazard the employees have not previously
been trained about is introduced into their work area. Information and training
may be designed to cover categories of hazards (e.g., flammability,
carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals. Chemical-specific information must
always be available through labels and material safety data sheets.

The standard requires an employer with hazardous chemicals in its workplaces to prepare
and implement a written hazard communication (“HAZCOM”) program. The standard also
requires the employer to ensure that all containers of hazardous materials are labeled, that
employees are given access to material safety data sheets (“MSDS’s”), and that an effective
training program is conducted for all potentially exposed employees. The purpose of a written
HAZCOM program is to ensure that employees have information about the hazards of chemicals
they have access to and the protective measures to be used when working with such chemicals.
The record establishes that hazardous chemicals were present on the subject site and available
for use by employees. The record further establishes that these chemicals, which included
gasoline, diesel, oxygen, acetylene and propane, were used as fuel for the hoist and for cars,
trucks and trailers; they were also used for equipment such as mowers and welding and cutting
torches. Pegasus concedes that these chemicals can pose serious hazards and cause serious
injuries, such as burns, if handled improperly. In addition, it is undisputed that Pegasus did not
ensure that a written HAZCOM program was developed and implemented on site, that it did not
ensure that MSDS’s were available for each hazardous chemical, and that it did not ensure that
employees were trained in the HAZCOM program and in the chemicals they had access to on the
site. (Tr.18, 87-90, 186-87, 214-18, 261). Respondent’s failure to provide the required
information and training to employees could have led to the misuse of hazardous chemicals,
which could have resulted in death or serious physical harm.

The Secretary has the burden of showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, a violation
of a specific standard.

Based on the foregoing, I find that the Secretary has shown all of the
elements required to prove a violation of the cited standard, including that of employer
knowledge of the cited condition; in that regard, I note that the company, in exercise of
reasonable diligence, should have known about and addressed this condition.

Items 2a, 2b and
2c are affirmed as serious violations because there was a substantial probability that exposure to
the chemicals at the site could have resulted in serious physical harm. The Secretary has
proposed a total penalty of $1,400.00 for Items 2a, 2b and 2c. After giving due consideration to
the factors set out above, and especially to the gravity of the violation, I find the proposed
penalty appropriate and it is accordingly assessed.

Serious Citation 1, Item 3

Citation 1, Item 3 alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.21(b)(2), which states that:

The employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of
unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his work environment to
control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury.

The Secretary alleges that Pegasus did not ensure that each employee working on the
tower at heights in excess of 300 feet was provided fall protection training to enable the
employee to recognize the hazards of falling and the procedures to be followed to minimize
those hazards. The record establishes that there was no training on the guidelines provided in
CPL 2-1.29. Bradford Broadus testified that the fall protection training he gave consisted of how
to be safe and not fall off of or get entangled in the tower. He also testified that this advice was
constantly given to employees on a daily basis; however, there was no documentation of this
training. (Tr. 218-19).

To establish a violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.21(b)(2), the Secretary must show that the
cited employer failed to instruct employees on “(1) how to recognize and avoid unsafe
conditions they may encounter on the job, and (2) the regulations applicable to those hazardous
conditions.” Superior Custom Cabinet Co., 18 BNA OSHC 1019, 1020 (No. 94-200, 1997),
aff'd. without published opinion, 158 F.3d 583 (5th Cir. 1998). An employer's instructions must
be modeled on the applicable standards and must be “specific enough to advise employees of the
hazards associated with their work and the ways to avoid them.” El Paso Crane and Rigging
Co. , 16 BNA OSHC 1419, 1425 nn. 6, 7 (No. 90-1106, 1993). Instruction in the recognition and
avoidance of unsafe conditions requires more than admonitions to “be careful” and reminders
that a potential hazard is nearby. See Anderson Excavating and Wrecking Co. , 17 BNA OSHC
1890, 1892 (No. 92-3684, 1997). I find that Respondent failed to provide its employees with
safety training related specifically to its work at the subject site, and, further, that daily
reminders were inadequate to meet the requirements of the cited standard. Without adequate fall
protection training, employees were subject to potential fall hazards in excess of 300 feet. The
Secretary has proved the alleged violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.21(b)(2).

This item is affirmed as a serious violation because, as found above, it is clear that falls
in excess of 300 feet could cause death or serious physical harm. The Secretary has proposed a
penalty of $2,000.00 for this item. Upon considering the factors set out supra , and particularly
the gravity of the violation, I find the proposed penalty appropriate and it is therefore assessed.

Serious Citation 1, Item 4

This item alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.95(c), which requires “[a]ll personal
protective equipment [to] be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed.

The citation alleges that Pegasus did not ensure that non-locking-type pelican hooks had
been removed from service. The record establishes that while working from a fixed position on
the tower, an employee of Pegasus was observed using a saddle belt as a positioning device to
protect against falls. The saddle belt was attached to the tower by a pelican hook that was non-locking. In fact, the hook had been modified to eliminate the locking mechanism, and it thus
afforded no protection against a “rollout” or an inadvertent disconnection, exposing the
employee to falls in excess of 300 feet. (Tr. 13-14, 61, 92-96,125-26, 168-70, 202, 282, 296;
Exhs. C-1, C- 2]. The Secretary asserts that the modified pelican hook was not a safe means of
attaching a positioning device to the tower.

Pegasus conceded that it used safety belts as fall protection. (Tr. 201). The term “safety
belt” is defined in Subpart E, at 29 C.F.R. 1926.107(f), as a “device, usually worn around the
waist which, by reason of its attachment to a lanyard and lifeline or a structure, will prevent a
worker from falling.” It is evident from the record that the non-locking pelican hook would not,
when attached to a structure, prevent a worker from falling. Therefore, the personal protective
equipment worn by Respondent’s employee did not meet the requirements of the cited standard.
Beau Broadus was aware of the employee who was using the non-locking pelican hook with his
saddle belt, and he allowed the employee to use the hook. Beau Broadus testified that there were
double-locking hooks on the site, but he acknowledged that the cited hook had not been removed
from service and that the employee had not been required to use a more suitable hook (Tr. 202,
282).

Based on the above, I conclude the Secretary has shown a violation of the cited standard.
This item is affirmed as a serious violation because of employee exposure to falls in excess of
300 feet, which could have caused death or serious injury. The Secretary has proposed a penalty
of $2,800.00 for this item. After giving due consideration to the four factors noted supra , and
especially to the gravity of the violation, I find the proposed penalty appropriate and it is
consequently assessed.

Serious Citation 1, Item 5

This item alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.100(a), which provides as follows:

Employees working in areas where there is a possible danger of head injury from
impact, or from falling or flying objects, or from electrical shock and burns, shall
be protected by protective helmets.

The Secretary alleges that Pegasus did not ensure that each employee working and
walking below the tower being erected was provided a protective helmet where work was being
performed above with tools and fasteners at approximately 300 feet. Commission precedent has
established that this standard by its express language applies whenever employees are exposed to
a possible danger of head injury. Skepton Contracting, Inc ., 18 BNA OSHC 1413 (No. 97-208,
1997). CO Pubal testified that upon arriving at the site, he saw employees who were not wearing
hard hats tending to guy lines and other matters on the ground. He further testified that the
employees were exposed to being struck by tools or equipment falling from above or by a part
falling from the tower and that Beau Broadus was on the site when he made this observation.
(Tr. 15-18, 96-97). On the basis of the CO’s testimony, which Pegasus did not rebut, the
Secretary has met her burden of proving the alleged violation. This item is affirmed as a serious
violation because of the substantial probability that death or serious harm could have resulted
from an employee being struck in the head by tools, equipment or parts of the tower. The
Secretary has proposed a penalty of $1,000.00 for this item. After giving due consideration to the
four factors discussed above, that is, the gravity of the violation and the company’s size, history
and good faith, I conclude that the proposed penalty is appropriate and it is accordingly assessed.

Citation 1, Item 6

This item alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.553(a)(1), which states that:

Exposed moving parts such as gears, projecting screws, setscrews, chain, cables,
chain sprockets, and reciprocating or rotating parts, which constitute a hazard,
shall be guarded.

The Secretary alleges that Pegasus did not ensure that the base-mounted dual-drum hoist
in use had guarding on all exposed moving parts where gear teeth, fan blades, shaft ends with
bolts and drum ends with raised portions were exposed. CO Pubal testified that he observed that
the hoist in use with exposed parts that were not guarded to prevent employee access to pinch
points and other hazardous locations. He also testified that the exposed parts included spoked
wheels and rotating shaft ends and that the hoist operator or any other employee working in
close proximity to the hoist could have been pulled into the moving parts and suffered an
amputation or other serious injury. (Tr. 97; Exh. C-1, pp. 1, 10). Beau Broadus testified that he
did not know whether the exposed areas had guards in place when the hoist was manufactured
and that as far as he knew it had been in the same condition that it in at the time of the
inspection. (Tr. 297-98).

Based upon the foregoing, I conclude that the Secretary has satisfied her burden of
proving the alleged violation. This citation item is affirmed as a serious violation because of the
substantial probability that serious physical harm could have resulted from an employee being
caught in the exposed moving parts of the hoist. The Secretary has proposed a penalty of
$1,000.00 for this item. Upon considering the gravity of the violation, as well as the company’s
size, history and good faith, I find the proposed penalty appropriate and it is therefore assessed.

Willful Citation 2, Item 1

Willful Citation 2 alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.105(a), which requires as
follows:

Safety nets shall be provided when workplaces are more than 25 feet above the
ground or water surface, or other surfaces where the use of ladders, scaffolds,
catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines, or safety belts is impractical.

The Secretary alleges that Pegasus “willfully” did not ensure that each employee
climbing and moving point to point on the tower at heights in excess of 300 feet was provided
protection from falling. CO Pubal testified that he saw some fall protection equipment in use on
the first day of his inspection but that “it wasn’t what OSHA required for personal fall arrest.”

(Tr. 13-14). The record shows that to work on the tower, Respondent’s employees utilized a
saddle belt as a positioning device. The saddle belt was not equipped with a double lanyard, but,
rather, a single lanyard, which required the employee, when moving from point to point, to
unhook the lanyard, free climb to the next location, and reattach the lanyard to the tower.
Respondent’s employees were thus not protected from falls when moving from point to point.
(Tr. 21-23, 98).

CO Pubal further testified that on his second visit to the site, with CAS Pontuti, he
observed the same equipment in use that he had seen during his first visit. He and CAS Pontuti
spoke to Beau, to Bradford’s brother, and to other employees about fall protection. The CO
expressed concern that they were not in compliance and advised that he expected “100 percent
fall protection,” including the use of full body harnesses and double or split lanyards, unless they
wanted to use nets. During another visit, CO Pubal was again accompanied by CAS Pontuti, who
had a lengthy discussion with Bradford about what OSHA expected for compliance. CO Pubal
stated that Bradford appeared interested in what he was being told, but he did not want to use the
full body harness and double lanyard. He also stated that Bradford appeared willing to go along
with using a second lanyard with the saddle belts but that he “drew the line at the harnesses.”
However, as CO Pubal explained at the hearing, a double lanyard attached to a saddle belt would
not provide the necessary protection and only a full body harness can safely absorb the shock
and arrest the fall. As CO Pubal further explained, despite various visits to the site, he was not
able to achieve compliance until he went to the owner of the site, who put pressure on Pegasus to
come into full compliance. (Tr. 19-28, 154-55).

To prove a violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.105(a), for failing to require a listed fall
protection device other than a safety net, the Secretary must also show that the device was
practical in the cited employer’s circumstances. Armstrong Steel Erectors, Inc. , 18 BNA OSHC
1630, 1632 (No. 97-250, 1999) (citing Century Steel Erectors, Inc. v. Secretary of Labor , 888
F.2d 1399, 1403 (D.C. Cir. 1989)). As demonstrated by the abatement of the violation, the
evidence here is sufficient under that test and the Secretary has met her burden of establishing
the violation. The record clearly shows that, when moving from point to point, Respondent’s
employees were exposed to falls of over 300 feet. Management was aware of how the employees
were working, and Beau Broadus was one of those working without adequate fall protection. (T.
201,103, 286).The record also shows that full body harnesses with double lanyards were
practical on the site; on the last day of the inspection, the site owner had provided full body
harnesses and double lanyards in order to be in compliance, and they were in use by employees.
Bradford Broadus testified that there had been no problems since the implementation of the
harnesses and double lanyards. (Tr. 138-40, 154-55, 223).

The Commission has defined a willful violation as one “committed with intentional,
knowing or voluntary disregard for the requirements of the Act or with plain indifference to
employee safety.” Valdak Corp. , 17 BNA OSHC 1135, 1136 (No. 93-239, 1995), aff'd, 73 F.3d
1466 (8th Cir. 1996). A willful violation is differentiated by the employer’s “heightened
awareness” of the illegality of the violative conduct or conditions. Propellex Corp., 18 BNA
OSHC 1677 (No. 96-265, 1999). As the Commission explained in Williams Enter., Inc. , 13 BNA
OSHC 1249, 1256-57 (No. 85-355, 1987):

It is not enough for the Secretary to show that an employer was aware of conduct
or conditions constituting a violation; such evidence is necessary to establish any
violation, serious or nonserious....A willful violation is differentiated by a
heightened awareness–of the illegality of the conduct or conditions–and by a state
of mind–conscious disregard or plain indifference. There must be evidence that an
employer knew of an applicable standard or provision prohibiting the conduct or
condition and consciously disregarded the standard. Without such evidence of
familiarity with the standard’s terms, there must be evidence of such reckless
disregard for employee safety or the requirements of the law generally that one
can infer that if the employer had known of the standard or provision, the
employer would not have cared that the conduct or condition violated it. It is
therefore not enough for the Secretary simply to show carelessness or lack of
diligence in discovering or eliminating a violation; nor is a willful charge justified
if an employer has made a good faith effort to comply with a standard or
eliminate a hazard, even though the employer’s efforts are not entirely effective
or complete.

In support of the willful classification, the Secretary argues that Pegasus was put on
notice of OSHA’s fall protection requirements during a 1999 inspection; that inspection took
place in North Carolina, and Pegasus had a different name then. (S. Brief, p. 27; Exh. C-4).
Although the violations resulting from that inspection were later withdrawn, CO Pubal testified
that Bradford told him that the issue of harnesses was discussed at that time. (T. 29-30, 101). In
addition, both Beau and Bradford recalled discussing OSHA’s requirements during that
inspection, (Tr. 222-23, 292-93), but, despite this notice, Pegasus employees were not using the
appropriate protection at the subject site. The Secretary also argues that willfulness is further
shown by the reaction to the inspection. CO Pubal and CAS Pontuti both discussed OSHA’s
requirements with Pegasus. CAS Pontuti discussed CPL 2-1.29 in depth, attempting to convince
Pegasus of the need for fall protection while moving from point to point, but the company failed
to comply and insisted its methods were safer, regardless of what OSHA required. Finally, the
Secretary argues that Respondent’s own log books document its “obstinate refusal” to comply
with the fall protection requirements. (Exh. C-5, pp. 55, 63).

I observed the respective demeanors of Beau and Bradford Broadus on the stand as they
testified, and I found both to be candid and forthright witnesses. On this basis, and in light of the
particular circumstances of this case, I do not agree that Respondent’s conduct rose to the level
required to find a willful violation. First, I am simply unpersuaded that, at the end of the 1999
inspection, Respondent fully understood OSHA’s fall protection requirements. The 1999
inspection resulted in an alleged violation of, inter alia , 29 C.F.R. 1926.28(a).

However, that
citation was later withdrawn, and the record does not establish why. See Exh. C-4. Second, while
the record shows that Bradford Broadus recalled discussing harnesses during that inspection, he
indicated at the hearing that he was unsure when that requirement had gone into effect; he also
indicated that he thought “some rules had [been] changed since then.” (Tr. 222-23, 234). Third,
Bradford Broadus testified that he did not learn about CPL 2-1.29 during the 1999 inspection,
and both he and Beau Broadus testified as to their belief that they were working safely at the
subject site; in addition, Beau Broadus testified about why he thought harnesses could actually
be more hazardous. (Tr. 201-02, 234-36, 286-87). Fourth, Bradford Broadus noted that his
company had had an accident-free safety record that dated back to 1972. (Tr. 222, 235-36). In
these circumstances, the Secretary has not demonstrated that Respondent Pegasus was acting
“with intentional, knowing or voluntary disregard for the requirements of the Act or with plain
indifference to employee safety.”

In rejecting the Secretary’s position as to the willful classification, I am well aware that
OSHA made several visits to the site and that, although OSHA informed the company what was
required, Pegasus did not comply until OSHA went to the site owner, who put pressure on the
company to comply. However, as found above, both Beau and Bradford Broadus truly believed
that they were working safely and in a manner that protected employees at the site. This finding
is supported by entries of Bradford Broadus in Respondent’s Log Book. In one entry, for
example, on February 6, 2001, Bradford Broadus noted that he told CO Pubal that they “would
not do full body harnesses or double lanyards. Fight to max.”

See Exh. C-5, p. 55. Another
entry, made after OSHA’s visit on February 14, 2001, indicates that Beau and Bradford Broadus
decided to ask all of the employees on the site what fall protection they preferred to use;
according to the entry, which listed each worker individually and his response, all of the
employees wanted to continue with the same fall protection they had been using. See Exh. C-5,
p. 63. In view of the record, and having observed the sincere and direct manner in which Beau
and Bradford Broadus testified, it is my conclusion that Respondent Pegasus was not in willful
violation of the cited standard.

Based on the foregoing, this citation item is affirmed as a serious violation of the
standard, in light of the substantial probability that falls from the tower at the site could have
resulted in death or serious physical harm. After giving due consideration to Respondent’s size,
history and good faith, and to the gravity of the violation, I conclude that a penalty of $6,300.00
is appropriate. A penalty of $6,300.00 is therefore assessed for this citation item.

“Other” Citation 3, Item 1

This citation alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.153(k)(2), which requires
“[c]ontainers [to] be in a suitable ventilated enclosure or otherwise protected against tampering.”
The Secretary alleges that Pegasus did not ensure that a propane container located at the bottom
of the transmitter building upper-room stairs was stored in a suitably ventilated enclosure or
otherwise protected against tampering. It is undisputed that propane tanks were sitting in a area
outside the building, and CO Pubal testified that the tanks were subject to being tampered with
or knocked over by personnel or equipment at the observed location (T. 18, 104; Exh. C-1, p.
16). Further, the record shows that the containers were in a location that was readily visible and
accessible to all employees on the site. Based on the record, the Secretary has demonstrated all
of the elements required to prove a violation of the cited standard. As to the classification of this
item, an “other” violation requires a direct and

immediate relationship between the violative condition and occupational safety; however, unlike
a serious violation, the probability of death or serious physical injury does not exist. I find that
this item is properly classified as “other.” This citation item is therefore affirmed as an other-than-serious violation. No penalty was proposed for this item, and none is assessed.

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

The foregoing decision constitutes my findings of fact and conclusions of law in
accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a).

ORDER

Based upon the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED that:

1. Citation 1, Item 1, alleging a serious violation of section 5(a)(a) of the Act, is
AFFIRMED, and a penalty of $2,000.00 is assessed.

2. Citation 1, Items 2a, 2b and 2c, alleging serious violations of 29 C.F.R. §§
1926.1200(e)(1), (g)(8), and (h), respectively, are AFFIRMED, and a total penalty of $1,400.00
is assessed for Item 2.

3. Citation 1, Item 3, alleging a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.21 (b)(2), is
AFFIRMED, and a penalty of $2,000.00 is assessed.

4. Citation 1, Item 4, alleging a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.95(c), is AFFIRMED,
and a penalty of $2,800.00 is assessed.

5. Citation 1, Item 5, alleging a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.100(a), is
AFFIRMED, and a penalty of $1,000.00 is assessed.

6. Citation 1, Item 6, alleging a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.553(a)(1) is
AFFIRMED, and a penalty of $1,000.00 is assessed.”

7. Citation 2, Item 1, alleging a willful violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.105(a), is
AFFIRMED as a serious violation, and a penalty of $6,300.00 is assessed.

8. Citation 3, Item 1, alleging an “other” violation of 29 C.F.R. 1926.153(k)(2), is
AFFIRMED, and no penalty is assessed.

/s/

Covette Rooney

Dated: September 30,2002                                           Judge, OSHRC

Washington, D.C.