Does a Texas county clerk have to record a printed-out copy of an electronically signed document?

Plain-English summary

The Guadalupe County Clerk's office does not accept documents electronically for recording. But some filers, accustomed to electronic recording in other counties, assumed they could simply print out an electronic document and hand the paper copy to the clerk to be recorded. The county attorney asked, on the clerk's behalf, whether the clerk had to accept several kinds of these printed documents — grouped into three categories based on the state of their signatures.

The AG began with the governing principle. The county clerk is the recorder of the county and must accept a written document for recording when a statute authorizes, requires, or permits it; conversely, if no statute authorizes recording a document, the clerk may not accept it. So for each document, the clerk has to determine whether it meets the requirements of the particular statute that authorizes its recording, and those requirements vary by document type.

Category 1 covered paper documents that would be recordable if they bore original signatures but instead showed only a copied image of an electronic signature — a facsimile stamp, a copy of the original, or an "/s/" notation — of the signer, the notary, or both. For documents concerning real or personal property, Property Code section 12.0011 requires an original signature that is acknowledged, sworn to with a proper jurat, or proved according to law, unless the document qualifies for an exception for an electronic instrument or other document complying with specified statutes. The AG explained that a printout handed to the clerk is, by definition, received "in a form that is not electronic," so it is a "paper document" and not an "electronic instrument," regardless of its history. It then checked the three statutes referenced in the exception — the Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording Act (Property Code chapter 15), Local Government Code chapter 195 on electronic recording, and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (Business and Commerce Code chapter 322) — and found that each applies to genuinely electronic documents or signatures, not to a paper copy of an electronic signature, which is no longer an "electronic signature" once printed. So a paper document with a copied image of an electronic signature concerning real or personal property must, absent other applicable law, contain an original signature meeting section 12.0011(b); if it does not, the clerk may not record it.

Category 2 covered copies of corporate documents previously filed with the Secretary of State that were either uncertified or bore only a copy of an electronic certification signature — examples included articles of amendment, articles of incorporation of a property owners' association, and a certificate of merger. Here the AG looked to the Business Organizations Code, which provides that a public office such as a county clerk may record a certificate or certified copy of a document issued or accepted and certified by the Secretary of State. Unlike the real-property recording statutes, this provision makes no reference to acknowledgment, jurat, or proof, and does not require original signatures. So to the extent the document is a certificate issued by the Secretary of State, or a filing instrument accepted and certified by the Secretary of State, a clerk may generally accept a copy of it for recording (subject to any statute mandating a specific recording procedure for a particular corporate document).

Category 3 covered documents that lack an acknowledgment or original signatures but might be covered by a separate filing statute — the example was an amendment to a certificate of adjudication filed with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, which lacked original signatures, was not sworn to or acknowledged, and did not bear the Commission's current seal near the signature. The AG pointed to the Water Code, which requires the Commission to transmit a certificate of adjudication (or a true copy) to the county clerk and directs the clerk, on receipt of the recording fee, to file and record it — with no signature or seal requirement. So such a certificate must be recorded on payment of the fee. The AG summarized Categories 2 and 3 together: a clerk must accept for recording a paper document that complies with the requirements of the particular statute authorizing its recording.

Finally, the AG addressed whether the answers would change for a clerk's office that does accept electronic recording. For paper copies, the answers do not change, because the statutes apply to printed documents regardless of whether the office also accepts electronic filing. For the same documents in electronic form, the answer may change: a clerk may accept and electronically record documents that comply with the Texas State Library and Archives Commission's rules, but the authority to file electronically is limited to certain persons who enroll and enter an agreement with the clerk, and (to date) the rules provide for electronic filing and recording of real property records only. So the answer depends on whether the document is an electronic real property record filed by an authorized, enrolled filer and otherwise meets the requirements for electronic recording.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 2019. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here.

What the opinion meant for those who asked

County clerks deciding whether to record a document: At the time of the opinion, the AG explained the clerk must record a paper document only if it complies with the particular statute authorizing its recording, and must refuse a document no statute authorizes.

Filers submitting printouts of electronically signed real estate documents: The opinion explained that a printed copy of an electronic signature on a document concerning real or personal property does not satisfy Property Code section 12.0011, which generally requires an original signature; such a document could be rejected for recording.

Businesses recording Secretary of State filings: The AG explained that a clerk may generally accept a copy of a certificate issued by, or a filing instrument accepted and certified by, the Secretary of State, because the Business Organizations Code does not require original signatures or acknowledgment for those.

Holders of water certificates of adjudication: The opinion explained that the Water Code requires the clerk to file and record a certificate of adjudication transmitted by the Commission upon receipt of the recording fee, with no signature or seal requirement.

Common questions

Does a county clerk have to record a printed copy of an electronic document?
Only if a statute authorizes recording that document, the AG explained. The clerk must determine whether the printout meets the requirements of the specific statute governing it, and must refuse a document that no statute authorizes.

Why won't a printed-out e-signature work for a deed or other real estate document?
The AG explained that Property Code section 12.0011 generally requires an original ("wet") signature for paper documents concerning real or personal property. A printout is a "paper document," not an "electronic instrument," and a copied image of an electronic signature is no longer an electronic signature, so it doesn't qualify for the electronic exception.

Can the clerk record a copy of a corporate filing from the Secretary of State?
Generally yes. The AG explained the Business Organizations Code lets a clerk record a certificate or certified copy of a document issued or certified by the Secretary of State, without requiring original signatures or acknowledgment.

What about a water certificate of adjudication with no signatures or seal?
The AG explained the Water Code requires the clerk to file and record a certificate of adjudication transmitted by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality upon receipt of the recording fee; the recording statute references no signature or seal requirement.

Does it matter whether the clerk's office accepts electronic recording?
For paper copies, no — the statutes apply regardless. For electronic submissions, the answer can change: the document must be a real property record filed by an authorized filer who enrolled and entered an agreement with the clerk, and must otherwise meet the electronic-recording requirements.

Background and statutory framework

The county clerk is the recorder of the county (Tex. Const. art. V, § 20; Tex. Loc. Gov't Code § 191.001(a)) and must record a document the clerk is authorized to record (§ 191.001(c); Turrentine v. Lasane) but may not record a document no statute authorizes (Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0450 (2006)); the clerk follows the recording procedure for acknowledged or proved instruments (§ 193.001(c)).

For Category 1, an instrument concerning real or personal property may be recorded if acknowledged, sworn to with a proper jurat, or proved according to law (Tex. Prop. Code § 12.001(a); § 12.001(b); § 12.001(c)), and section 12.0011 sets signature requirements for paper documents, defining a "paper document" as one received in a non-electronic form (§ 12.0011(a)) and requiring an original signature (§ 12.0011(b); § 12.0011(b)(1)-(2)) unless an exception applies for an electronic instrument or other complying document (§ 12.0011(c)). The AG checked the referenced statutes: the Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording Act (§§ 15.001-.008; § 15.004(b)), which validates electronic signatures (§ 15.002(2), (4)); Local Government Code chapter 195 on electronic recording (§§ 195.001-.009; § 195.001(3); § 195.002(b)(3)), tied to the Property Code's "electronic document" definition (§ 15.002(3)); and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (Tex. Bus. & Com. Code §§ 322.001-.021; § 322.007(d); § 322.011; § 322.002(5), (8); § 322.003(a); § 322.005(b)). Because a printed copy of an electronic signature is no longer an electronic signature, none of these applied (Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0228 (2004)), so such a Category 1 document must contain an original signature meeting section 12.0011(b) to be recorded.

For Category 2, the clerk again applies the governing statute (Tex. Loc. Gov't Code §§ 191.001(c), 193.001(c)); the Business Organizations Code allows a public office to record a certificate or certified copy of a document issued or accepted and certified by the Secretary of State (Tex. Bus. Org. Code § 4.005(a), (b)), without requiring original signatures or acknowledgment. For Category 3, the Water Code requires the Commission to transmit a certificate of adjudication to the county clerk, who must file and record it on receipt of the recording fee, with no signature or seal requirement (Tex. Water Code § 11.324(a), (b)). On the final question, a clerk may accept and electronically record documents complying with the Texas State Library and Archives Commission's rules (§ 191.009(a); § 195.002(b); 13 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 7.141-.145), but electronic filing is limited to authorized, enrolled filers (§ 195.003(a), (a-1); 13 Tex. Admin. Code § 7.142(c), (d)), and chapter 15 validates complying electronic real property documents (Tex. Prop. Code § 15.004(a)-(c); § 15.005(a)). So the AG concluded the electronic answer depends on whether the document is an electronic real property record filed by an authorized, enrolled filer that otherwise meets the recording requirements.

Citations

Statutory and constitutional provisions:

• Tex. Const. art. V, § 20
• Tex. Loc. Gov't Code § 191.001(a); § 191.001(c); § 191.009(a); § 193.001(c); §§ 195.001-.009; § 195.001(3); § 195.002(b); § 195.002(b)(3); § 195.003(a), (a-1)
• Tex. Prop. Code § 12.001(a); § 12.001(b); § 12.001(c); § 12.0011; § 12.0011(a); § 12.0011(b); § 12.0011(b)(1)-(2); § 12.0011(c); §§ 15.001-.008; § 15.002(2); § 15.002(3); § 15.002(4); § 15.004(a)-(c); § 15.004(b); § 15.005(a)
• Tex. Bus. & Com. Code §§ 322.001-.021; § 322.002(5); § 322.002(8); § 322.003(a); § 322.005(b); § 322.007(d); § 322.011
• Tex. Bus. Org. Code § 4.005(a); § 4.005(b)
• Tex. Water Code § 11.324(a); § 11.324(b)
• 13 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 7.141-.145; § 7.142(c), (d)

Cases and Attorney General opinions:

• Turrentine v. Lasane, 389 S.W.2d 336, 337 (Tex. Civ. App.-Waco 1965, no writ)
• Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0450 (2006)
• Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0228 (2004)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/ken-paxton/kp-0233
• Original PDF: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/2019/kp-0233.pdf

Original opinion text

KEN PAXTON
ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS

January 7, 2019

The Honorable David Willborn Opinion No. KP-0233
Guadalupe County Attorney
211 West Court Street Re: Whether a county clerk whose office does
Seguin, Texas 78155-5779 not accept electronic documents for recording
must accept and record a printed copy of an
electronic document under particular
circumstances (RQ-0235-KP)

Dear Mr. Willborn:

     You ask about a county clerk's duty to accept printed copies of electronic documents for

recording under particular circumstances. [1] You tell us that the Guadalupe County Clerk's office
does not accept documents electronically for recording purposes. Request Letter at 1. You relay
that some filers accustomed to the acceptance of electronic recording in other counties "assume
that all they have to do is print a copy of the electronic document and then deliver it to" the county
clerk's office in order to record the document in Guadalupe County. Id. On behalf of the
Guadalupe County Clerk, you ask whether the clerk must accept various categories of such printed
documents for recording. [2] Id. at 2.

    The county clerk is the recorder of the county. TEX. CONST. art. V, § 20; TEX. LOC. GOV'T

CODE § 191.001(a). County clerks must accept a written document for recording if a statute
authorizes, requires, or permits the recording. See Turrentine v. Lasane, 389 S.W.2d 336, 337
(Tex. Civ. App.-Waco 1965, no writ); see also TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE § 191.001(c) (requiring
a clerk to "record ... the contents of each instrument that is filed for recording and that the clerk
is authorized to record"). Conversely, if no statute authorizes the filing and recording of a
document, a clerk may not accept it for that purpose. Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0450 (2006) at
2 ("[A] county clerk is prohibited from filing and recording a document that no statute authorizes,
requires, or permits the clerk to accept."). The majority of instruments filed with a county clerk
relate to the conveyance of real property, such as deed records and deeds of trust, but other

     [1] See Letter and attachment from Honorable David Willborn, Guadalupe Cty. Att'y, to Honorable Ken Paxton,

Tex. Att'y Gen. (June 1, 2018), https://www2.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinion/requests-for-opinion-rqs ("Request
Letter" and "Attachment," respectively) (Attachment on file with the Op. Comm.).
[2] Your request excludes "documents submitted for filing in either Civil or Criminal court case files," and we
limit our opinion accordingly. Request Letter at 1.

documents, such as assumed name certificates and state water permits, do not. [3] In each instance,
a county clerk must determine whether the instrument presented for filing and recording meets the
requirements of the pertinent statutory provision authorizing its recording, which will vary
depending on the document. See TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE § 193.001(c) (outlining the recording
procedure for a clerk to follow "[i]f an instrument that is filed for recording is acknowledged or
proved in the manner prescribed by law for [the] record" (emphasis added)). You present three
categories of documents, each based on the state of the signature information contained in the
documents, and ask whether a county clerk must "accept for recording a paper document that fits"
each category. Request Letter at 2.

    We begin with Category 1, which you tell us encompasses "documents which, if containing

original signatures would otherwise be recordable, but only reflect an 'electronic signature' of the
signatory, the Notary, or both." Id. You further relay that the "signatures are either a 'facsimile
stamp' or a copy of the original or contain '/s/.'" Id. Based on your letter as a whole, we assume
you to ask about the effect of a paper copy of a signature that originated as a form of "electronic
signature" in a different context. You assert "that documents submitted in this manner do not meet
the requirements of Section 12.0011 [of the Property Code] and may be rejected for recording
purposes." Id. at 2-3. Generally, "[a]n instrument concerning real or personal property may be
recorded if it has been acknowledged, sworn to with a proper jurat, or proved according to law."
TEX. PROP. CODE § 12.001(a); see also id. § 12.001(b) (providing that if the instrument conveys
real property, it must be "signed and acknowledged or sworn to by the grantor in the presence of
two or more credible subscribing witnesses or acknowledged or sworn to before and certified by
an officer authorized to take acknowledgements or oaths"). [4] Subsection 12.0011 of the Property
Code dictates particular signature requirements for recording paper documents concerning real or
personal property. [5] See id. § 12.0011(b); see also id. § 12.0011(a) (defining "paper document" for
purposes of subsection 12.0011 as "a document received by a county clerk in a form that is not
electronic"). "A paper document concerning real or personal property may not be recorded ...
unless [it] contains an original signature or signatures that are acknowledged, sworn to with a
proper jurat, or proved according to law" or "the paper document is attached as an exhibit to a
paper affidavit or other document" meeting the acknowledgement, swearing, or proving
requirements. Id. § 12.0011(b)(1)-(2). But subsection 12.0011(c) contains an exception to the
original signature requirement "for an electronic instrument or other document that complies with
the requirements of" specified statutes "or other applicable law." Id. § 12.0011(c) (emphasis

     [3] See generally OFFICE OF CT. ADMIN., CTY. CLERK PROCEDURE MANUAL ch. 2 (2013) ("Recording and Filing

of Instruments"), http://www.txcourts.gov/publications-training/training-materials/manuals-bench-books/clerk/.
[4] Certain statements filed pursuant to the Business and Commerce Code do not require acknowledgement or
swearing. See TEX. PROP. CODE § 12.001(c).
[5] In 2004, prior to the passage of section 12.0011 of the Property Code, this office issued GA-0228, concluding
that a county clerk is not required to accept real estate filings that contain a paper copy of either an electronic signature
or an electronically transmitted notary seal. See Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0228 (2004) at 10-12. Consistent with
this opinion, the Legislature in 2007 added section 12.0011 to specify that a paper document concerning real or
personal property must generally "have an original 'wet' signature or signatures that were sworn to before a judge,
notary public, or other person authorized to take oaths." HOUSE RESEARCH ORG., BILL ANALYSIS, Tex. H.B. 732,
80th Leg., R.S. (2007) at 1-2 (noting that an original or "wet signature" is "signed on the document being recorded");
see also Act of May 8, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 213, § 1, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 299, 299 (codified at TEX. PROP.
CODE § 12.0011).

added). By definition, a printed hard-copy of a document handed to a county clerk is received by
the clerk "in a form that is not electronic" and is thereby a "paper document," regardless of its
content or the fact that at one time it may have existed in electronic form. Id. § 12.0011(a). Thus,
the documents you ask about would not qualify for the original signature exception as an
"electronic instrument." See id. § 12.0011(c). The exception, however, also applies to "other
documents." See id. Thus, the question is whether a paper document with a copied image of an
electronic signature is a "document that complies with the requirements of" any of the statutes
listed in subsection 12.0011(c) such that the document could be recorded without an original pen-
and-ink signature. See id.

    The first statute referenced in subsection 12.0011(c) is chapter 15 of the Property Code,

which is the Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording Act. See generally id. §§ 15.001-.008.
Section 15.004(b) of that statute provides that "[i]f a law requires, as a condition for recording,
that a document be signed, the requirement is satisfied by an electronic signature." Id. § 15.004(b).
An "electronic signature" is "an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically
associated with a document and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the
document." Id. § 15.002(4) (emphasis added); see also id. § 15.002(2) (defining "electronic" as
"relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or
similar capabilities"). As you describe them, the documents in Category 1 only reflect a copied
image of an electronic signature of the signatory in paper-copy format. See Request Letter at 2.
Thus, the signatures on the documents are no longer "electronic signatures" in and of themselves
when presented to a clerk. See TEX. PROP. CODE § 15.002(2), (4). Accordingly, the documents
cannot satisfy the requirements of Property Code chapter 15. See Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No.
GA-0228 (2004) at 10 (noting that a paper copy of an electronic signature is not the equivalent of
an electronic signature). [6]

   Next, subsection 12.0011(c) references chapter 195 of the Local Government Code, which

governs electronic filing and recording of records by a county clerk. See generally TEX. LOC.
GOV'T CODE §§ 195.001-.009. Chapter 195 directs the Texas State Library and Archives
Commission to adopt rules providing "the means by which a county clerk may electronically
record an electronic document or other instrument filed electronically." Id. § 195.002(b)(3)
(emphases added); see also id. § 195.001(3) (adopting the definition of "electronic document"
found in section 15.002 of the Property Code); TEX. PROP. CODE § 15.002(3) (defining "electronic
document" as "a document that is received by a county clerk in an electronic form"). Again, the
county clerk receives the documents you ask about in hard-copy format, not electronic format.
Thus, they are not "electronic documents" under Local Government Code chapter 195.

   Finally, subsection 12.0011(c) refers to chapter 322 of the Business and Commerce Code,

which is the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act. See generally TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE
§§ 322.001-.021. Subsection 322.007(d) provides that "[i]f a law requires a signature, an

    [6] Briefing received from the Texas State Library and Archives Commission explains that converting digitized

documents to paper format can result in the loss of certain metadata necessary to identify, authenticate, and
contextualize records. See Brief from Mr. Craig Kelso, Dir. and State Records Adm'r, Tex. State Library & Archives
Comm'n, to Charlotte M. Harper, Deputy Chair, Op. Comm., Office of the Tex. Att'y Gen. at 1-3 (July 13, 2018) (on
file with the Op. Comm.).

electronic signature satisfies the law." Id. § 322.007(d) (emphasis added). Subsection 322.011
additionally provides that "[i]f a law requires a signature or record to be notarized, acknowledged,
verified, or made under oath, the requirement is satisfied if the electronic signature [of the
authorized person] is attached to or logically associated with the signature or record." Id.
§ 322.011 (emphasis added). For purposes of chapter 322, an "electronic signature" means "an
electronic sound, symbol or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed
or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record." Id. § 322.002(8); see also id.
§ 322.002(5) (defining "electronic" as "relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic,
wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities"). Again, the signatures on the hard-copy
documents you describe are no longer "electronic signatures" in and of themselves when presented
to the clerk. As such, they would not fall within the purview of chapter 322. [7]

    To summarize, a paper document with a copied image of an electronic signature is neither

an "electronic instrument" nor a document complying with the provisions that subsection
12.0011(c) of the Property Code would require in order for the document to qualify for recording
without an original signature. Absent other applicable law, to the extent that the paper documents
in Category 1 concern real or personal property, a court would likely conclude that they must
contain an original signature that meets the requirements of subsection 12.0011(b) to be recorded.
See TEX. PROP. CODE § 12.0011(c) (applying the original signature exception to an electronic
instrument or other document that complies with the requirements of the specified statutes "or
other applicable law"). If they do not, a county clerk may not accept them for recording.

    Category 2 contains copies of documents previously filed with a state agency that you tell

us are either "not certified" or "only contain a copy of an electronic 'certification' signature."
Request Letter at 2. You include examples of such documents filed with the Secretary of State,
including articles of amendment of a corporation (Exhibit A), articles of incorporation of a
property owners' association (Exhibit B), and a certificate of merger of a limited liability company
and a limited partnership (Exhibit C). See Attachment at 1-16. You tell us that the certification
in these sample documents "is merely a copy of the original certification and/or the signatures
were never original in the first place and a 'signature stamp' was used." Request Letter at 3.
Again, a county clerk must determine whether the instrument presented meets the requirements of
the particular statutory provision authorizing the recording of the document. See TEX. LOC. GOV'T
CODE §§ 191.001(c), 193.001(c). In light of the specific examples you provide, we turn to
provisions governing corporate filings.

     Subsection 4.005(b) of the Business Organizations Code provides that a public office or

official body, such as a county clerk, may "record a certificate or certified copy" of a document
issued or accepted by the Secretary of State as described in subsection 4.005(a). TEX. BUS. ORG.
CODE § 4.005(b); see also id. § 4.005(a) ("A ... public office ... shall accept a certificate issued

    [7] Chapter 322 as a whole "applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction,"

except in certain instances not relevant here. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 322.003(a). Furthermore, it applies "only to
transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means." Id. § 322.005(b).
As explained in the State Bar Committee Comments to section 322.003, such "a conveyance, effective between the
parties, would not be recordable in the deed records of the particular county until the county had adopted an electronic
filing system in accordance with Chapter 195, Local Government Code." Id. § 322.003 cmt. 2 (State Bar Committee
Comments).

... by the secretary of state or a copy of a filing instrument accepted by the secretary of state for
filing ... that is certified by the secretary of state as prima facie evidence of the facts stated in the
certificate or instrument."). Unlike the provisions governing the recording of documents
concerning real or personal property, the statute here makes no direct reference to an
acknowledgement, jurat, or proof requirement for recording purposes. Nor does it require original
signatures. Subsection 4.005(b) requires only that the document be "a certificate or certified copy
described by Subsection (a)" in order to be recorded. Id. § 4.005(b). Thus, to the extent the
document in question is a certificate issued by the Secretary of State or a filing instrument accepted
and certified by the Secretary of State, a county clerk may generally accept a copy of it for
recording. In certain instances, a statute will mandate that a particular type of corporate document
be filed with the county clerk, in which case the clerk should consult the specific recording
provision.

     Category 3 documents, you tell us, "do not contain an acknowledgement or original

signatures but might be covered for filing purposes in a separate statute." Request Letter at 2. The
example you provide is an amendment to a certificate of adjudication filed with the Texas
Commission on Environmental Quality (the "Commission"). See Attachment at 17-19. You relay
that the document "did not contain original signatures, was not sworn to or acknowledged and did
not, in the vicinity of the signature, contain the current seal of the Commission." Request Letter
at 3. As noted above, a county clerk must determine whether the instrument presented meets the
requirements of the particular statutory provision authorizing the recording of the document.
Section 11.324 of the Water Code requires the Commission to "transmit [a] certificate of
adjudication or a true copy to the county clerk of each county in which the appropriation [of water]
is made." TEX. WATER CODE § 11.324(a). "On receipt of the recording fee from the holder of the
certificate, the county clerk shall file and record the certificate ...." Id. § 11.324(b). The recording
statute references no signature or seal requirements. Thus, a certificate of adjudication transmitted
by the Commission must be filed and recorded by a county clerk upon receipt of the appropriate
recording fee. To summarize the answer to your questions regarding Categories 2 and 3, a county
clerk must accept for recording a paper document that complies with the requirements of the
particular statutory provision authorizing the recording of the document.

    Lastly, you ask whether our answers would change "if these same documents [were]

submitted to a County Clerk's office that does accept the electronic recording of documents."
Request Letter at 4. If by the phrase "these same documents" you mean paper copies, then our
answers would not change because the relevant statutes apply to printed documents irrespective of
whether a particular clerk's office also accepts electronic filing. If you mean the same documents
in electronic form, then our answers may or may not change, depending on the circumstances.
Section 191.009(a) of the Local Government Code authorizes a county clerk to "accept electronic
documents and other instruments by electronic filing and record the electronic documents and
other instruments electronically if the filing or recording complies with the rules adopted by the
Texas State Library and Archives Commission under Chapter 195." TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE
§ 191.009(a); see also id. § 195.002(b) (setting forth the required content of the rules, which must
provide for electronic filing and recording of "real property records" and, with certain exceptions,
"other instruments ... as determined by" the Texas State Library and Archives Commission); 13
TEX. ADMIN. CODE §§ 7.141-.145 (2018) (Tex. State Library & Archives Comm'n, Electronic
Filing & Recording) (the "Rules") (to date providing for the electronic filing and recording of real

property records only). Chapter 195 further governs the electronic filing of records with and
recording by a county clerk. See generally TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE §§ 195.001-.009. For example,
the statute limits the authority to file electronically to certain persons and entities only. See id.
§ 195.003(a), (a-1); see also 13 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 7.142(c), (d) (requiring an authorized filer to
apply for enrollment in a participating county clerk's electronic filing and recording program and
to enter into an agreement governing terms and conditions with the county clerk). With respect to
real property in particular, the Uniform Real Property Electronic Recording Act in chapter 15 of
the Property Code validates complying electronic documents for purposes of certain recording
requirements that would otherwise apply to a paper document, such as signatures, notarization,
acknowledgement, and seals, among others. See TEX. PROP. CODE § 15.004(a)-(c); see also id.
§ 15.005(a) (requiring a county clerk, when receiving electronic documents, to comply with both
the Rules and certain uniform standards established by the Texas State Library and Archives
Commission).

    Thus, in answer to your last question, our answer will depend on whether (1) the document

in question is an electronic real property record filed by an authorized filer who completed the
requisite enrollment and agreement with the county clerk; and (2) the electronic document
otherwise meets the requirements for recording of real property records submitted electronically.

                                  SUMMARY

                  The county clerk must accept a paper document presented
          for recording if the document complies with the requirements of the
          particular statutory provision authorizing the recording of the
          document. To the extent a printed copy of an electronic document
          presented for recording by the county clerk concerns real or personal
          property, it must contain an original signature that meets the
          requirements of subsection 12.0011(b) of the Property Code to be
          recorded by a county clerk.

                  To the extent a county clerk has implemented electronic
          filing and recording in accordance with state law, the clerk's
          obligation to accept a document submitted electronically for
          recording depends on whether the document (1) is a real property
          record; (2) is submitted by an authorized filer who has completed
          the requisite enrollment and agreement with the county clerk; and
          (3) otherwise meets the requirements for recording of real property
          records submitted electronically.

                                        Very truly yours,

                                        KEN PAXTON
                                        Attorney General of Texas

JEFFREY C. MATEER
First Assistant Attorney General

BRANTLEY STARR
Deputy First Assistant Attorney General

VIRGINIA K. HOELSCHER
Chair, Opinion Committee

BECKY P. CASARES
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee