Could a judge who completed 20 years of service shortly before age 71 receive the extra 10% retirement annuity by retiring after turning 71?

Texas AG Opinion JM-54: Ten-Percent Judicial Retirement Annuity

Plain-English summary

JM-54 concluded that a judge who completed 20 years of credited judicial service before age 71 qualified for the extra 10% annuity only by retiring before turning 71.

"In our opinion, such a person is eligible for the ten percent increase in his annuity under the judicial retirement system only if he retires prior to age 71."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

The statute also allowed retirement at any age immediately after first becoming eligible. JM-54 read that exception as protecting judges who were not yet eligible at age 70, not judges who could already retire before age 71 but chose to continue serving.

"[T]he legislature also intends that a judge who is not eligible for judicial retirement benefits at age 70, may retire at any age and receive the ten percent increased annuity, if he retires immediately after becoming eligible."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

"Since the person in question may retire before age 71 and receive a base service retirement annuity under each category of eligibility specified in section 44.101(a), title 110B, we believe the plain language of the statutory law codified as section 44.102(b), title 110B, requires that person to retire before becoming 71 years old in order to qualify for the additional annuity."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

The age-based condition did not violate equal protection or due process. JM-54 reasoned that age was not a suspect classification, public employment was not a fundamental interest, and encouraging voluntary judicial retirement at age 70 was supported by the same rational objectives that courts had accepted for mandatory judicial retirement.

"Age is not a suspect classification for equal protection purposes and does not require strict judicial scrutiny. The interest of officials in public employment is not a fundamental interest."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

"Accordingly, we believe that section 44.102(b) is not unconstitutional."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1983. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here.

Common questions

What facts prompted the request?

A district judge expected to complete 20 continuous years of service about two months before turning 71 and did not want to retire before that birthday.

"You advise that a person who will complete 20 continuous years of service as a district judge approximately two months before the person is 71 years of age does not wish to retire prior to becoming 71 years old."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

What did the 10% provision say?

Except for another statutory exception, the system increased an annuity by 10% of the applicable salary when a member retired before turning 71 or at any age immediately after becoming eligible.

"[T]he retirement system shall increase by 10 percent of the amount of the applicable state salary . . . the annuity of a member who retires: (1) before becoming 71 years old; or (2) at any age immediately after becoming eligible to retire under Section 44.101 of this subtitle."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

Why was the first branch tied to age 71?

JM-54 found a legislative purpose to encourage judicial retirement no later than age 70 by offering the additional annuity to a judge retiring before age 71.

"We believe the legislature clearly intends to encourage judicial retirement at not later than age 70 by increasing by ten percent the annuity of a judge who retires before age 71."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

Who benefited from the immediate-eligibility exception?

A judge not eligible by length of service at age 70 could receive the increase by retiring immediately when eligibility was later attained.

"[T]hose who are not eligible by length of service to retirement benefits at age 70 but who retire immediately upon becoming eligible."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

Did continuing to serve after age 70 create a right to the extra benefit?

No. A judge who voluntarily continued serving instead of retiring and accepting the additional annuity did not earn or acquire a right to that increase.

"[A] person who voluntarily chooses to continue serving as a judge past age 70 instead of choosing to retire and receive the added annuity as compensation for retiring at age 70 does not earn or acquire the right to receive the ten percent additional retirement annuity."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

Why was there no due-process deprivation?

Because the judge never earned or acquired the conditional increase, withholding it after the judge declined timely retirement did not deprive the judge of an existing right.

"[The judge] is not thereby deprived of a right without due process of law."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

Why was there no equal-protection violation?

Judges in the same situation received the same treatment, and the age classification was subject to rational rather than strict review.

"Under section 44.102(b), judges similarly situated are given the same treatment."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

"Age is not a suspect classification for equal protection purposes and does not require strict judicial scrutiny."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

Background and statutory framework

The Texas Constitution directed the legislature to provide for retirement and compensation of appellate and district judges and to set judicial-retirement benefits.

"The Texas Constitution directs the legislature to provide for the retirement and compensation of justices and judges of the appellate and district courts and to set the benefits of the judicial retirement system."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

The base annuity equaled 50% of the state salary paid to a judge of the same court classification as the court on which the retiree last served, subject to statutory eligibility categories.

"A member of the judicial retirement system is eligible to retire and receive a base service retirement annuity equal to 50 percent of the state salary being paid a judge of a court of the same classification as the court on which the retiree last served."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

JM-54 described sections 44.101 and 44.102 as a nonsubstantive recodification of former article 6228b's benefit provisions.

"This is a non-substantive recodification."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

Holding

"A judge who has 20 years of service credited in the judicial retirement system before he is 71 years of age is eligible for the ten percent additional retirement annuity authorized by section 44.102(b), title 110B, V.T.C.S., only if the judge retires prior to becoming 71 years old. Section 44.102(b) does not violate the equal protection and due process guarantees of the state and federal constitutions."
Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

Citations and references

Constitutional and statutory provisions discussed by JM-54:

• "article V, section 1-a of the Texas Constitution" Official PDF
• "article XVI, section 67(d) of the Texas Constitution" Official PDF
• "section 44.101 of title 110B, V.T.C.S." Official PDF
• "section 44.102 of title 110B, V.T.C.S." Official PDF
• "former article 6228b, section 2(a), V.T.C.S." Official PDF
• "article I, section 19 of the Texas Constitution" Official PDF

Selected cases cited by JM-54:

• "Jessen Associates, Inc. v. Bullock, 531 S.W.2d 593, 599 (Tex. 1975)" Official PDF
• "Malmed v. Thornburgh, 621 F.2d 565 (3d Cir. 1980)" Official PDF
• "Trafelet v. Thompson, 594 F.2d 623 (7th Cir. 1979)" Official PDF
• "Rubino v. Ghezzi, 512 F.2d 431 (2d Cir. 1975)" Official PDF
• "O'Neil v. Baine, 568 S.W.2d 761 (Mo. 1978)" Official PDF

Source

• Landing page: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/jim-mattox/jm-0054
• Original PDF: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1983/jm0054.pdf

Original opinion text

Best-effort transcription from a scanned PDF. Minor errors may remain. The linked PDF is authoritative.

The Attorney General of Texas

JIM MATTOX
Attorney General

August 9, 1983

Honorable Oscar H. Mauzy
Chairman
Committee on Jurisprudence
Texas State Senate
P. O. Box 12068, Capitol Station
Austin, Texas 78711

Opinion No. JM-54

Re: Construction of section 44.102(b)(2) of Title 110B relating to judicial retirement benefits

Dear Senator Mauzy:

You advise that a person who will complete 20 continuous years of service as a district judge approximately two months before the person is 71 years of age does not wish to retire prior to becoming 71 years old. You have asked whether, in order to be eligible for retirement benefits that include an additional ten percent of the applicable salary, a person who has 20 years of service credited in the judicial retirement system must retire before he is 71 years old or may retire at any age.

In our opinion, such a person is eligible for the ten percent increase in his annuity under the judicial retirement system only if he retires prior to age 71. You also inquire about the constitutionality of that provision under the due process and equal protection clauses of the United States and Texas Constitutions. We believe that the provision does not violate the equal protection or due process guarantees.

The Texas Constitution directs the legislature to provide for the retirement and compensation of justices and judges of the appellate and district courts and to set the benefits of the judicial retirement system. See Tex. Const. art. V, §1-a; art. XVI, §67(d). A member of the judicial retirement system is eligible to retire and receive a base service retirement annuity equal to 50 percent of the state salary being paid a judge of a court of the same classification as the court on which the retiree last served if the member:

(1) is at least 65 years old, currently holds a judicial office, and has at least 10 years of service credited in the retirement system, the most recently performed of which was for a continuous period of at least one year;

(2) is at least 65 years old and has at least 12 years of service, continuous or otherwise, credited in the retirement system, regardless of whether the member currently holds a judicial office; or

(3) has at least 20 years of service credited in the retirement system, the most recently performed of which was for a continuous period of at least 10 years, regardless of whether the member currently holds a judicial office.

V.T.C.S. title 110B, §44.101(a). See V.T.C.S. §44.102(a).

Section 2(a) of article 6228b, V.T.C.S., which has been codified in sections 44.101 and 44.102, title 110B, provided, in part, that if a member of the judicial retirement system has not been out of judicial office for more than one year at the time he applies for retirement benefits,

[A]n additional ten percent (10%) of the applicable salary shall be added to the base retirement payments to the following judges: (1) those eligible for retirement under any provisions of this Act as amended who retire at or before age seventy (70); (2) those who are not eligible by length of service to retirement benefits at age 70 but who retire immediately upon becoming eligible.

See Acts 1967, 60th Leg., ch. 692 at 1808; Acts 1977, 65th Leg., ch. 415 at 1117.

Section 44.102(b) now provides:

(b) Except as provided by Subsection (c) of this section, the retirement system shall increase by 10 percent of the amount of the applicable state salary under Subsection (a) or (d) of this section, the annuity of a member who retires:

(1) before becoming 71 years old; or

(2) at any age immediately after becoming eligible to retire under Section 44.101 of this subtitle.

This is a non-substantive recodification.

"A fundamental rule in the construction of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature." Jessen Associates, Inc. v. Bullock, 531 S.W.2d 593, 599 (Tex. 1975). We believe the legislature clearly intends to encourage judicial retirement at not later than age 70 by increasing by ten percent the annuity of a judge who retires before age 71. See Abraham, The Judicial Retirement Amendment, 29 Tex. B.J. 1005 (1966). However, it is apparent from the words of the Judicial Retirement Act that the legislature also intends that a judge who is not eligible for judicial retirement benefits at age 70, may retire at any age and receive the ten percent increased annuity, if he retires immediately after becoming eligible. See Attorney General Opinion H-537 (1975). Since the person in question may retire before age 71 and receive a base service retirement annuity under each category of eligibility specified in section 44.101(a), title 110B, we believe the plain language of the statutory law codified as section 44.102(b), title 110B, requires that person to retire before becoming 71 years old in order to qualify for the additional annuity authorized by the latter section.

We turn to the question of whether the statutory law codified in section 44.102(b) violates the equal protection or due process guarantees of the state and federal constitutions.

Article I, section 19, of the Texas Constitution, reads as follows:

No citizen of this State shall be deprived of life, liberty, property, privileges or immunities, or in any manner disfranchised, except by the due course of the law of the land.

The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution provide due-process and equal-protection guarantees.

The facts before us do not raise a question of the constitutionality of mandatory retirement. However, several federal courts and state courts in other jurisdictions have held that mandatory retirement of state judges at age 70 is rationally related to the furthering of several legitimate state objectives, does not violate equal protection, and does not deprive a person of "liberty," "property," or any due process rights. Age is not a suspect classification for equal protection purposes and does not require strict judicial scrutiny. The interest of officials in public employment is not a fundamental interest. See Malmed v. Thornburgh, 621 F.2d 565 (3d Cir. 1980); Trafelet v. Thompson, 594 F.2d 623 (7th Cir. 1979); Rubino v. Ghezzi, 512 F.2d 431 (2d Cir. 1975); O'Neil v. Baine, 568 S.W.2d 761 (Mo. 1978); Aronstam v. Cashman, 325 A.2d 361 (Vt. 1974); Nelson v. Miller, 480 P.2d 467 (Utah 1971); Boughton v. Price, 215 P.2d 286 (Idaho 1950).

By analogy, we conclude that the principles which uphold the constitutionality of provisions that mandate involuntary retirement of state judges at age 70 also would support the constitutionality of provisions that encourage and compensate voluntary retirement of state judges at age 70. Further, we believe that a person who voluntarily chooses to continue serving as a judge past age 70 instead of choosing to retire and receive the added annuity as compensation for retiring at age 70 does not earn or acquire the right to receive the ten percent additional retirement annuity and is not thereby deprived of a right without due process of law. Under section 44.102(b), judges similarly situated are given the same treatment. Accordingly, we believe that section 44.102(b) is not unconstitutional.

SUMMARY

A judge who has 20 years of service credited in the judicial retirement system before he is 71 years of age is eligible for the ten percent additional retirement annuity authorized by section 44.102(b), title 110B, V.T.C.S., only if the judge retires prior to becoming 71 years old. Section 44.102(b) does not violate the equal protection and due process guarantees of the state and federal constitutions.

Very truly yours,

JIM MATTOX
Attorney General of Texas

TOM GREEN
First Assistant Attorney General

DAVID R. RICHARDS
Executive Assistant Attorney General

Prepared by Nancy Sutton
Assistant Attorney General

APPROVED:
OPINION COMMITTEE

Rick Gilpin, Acting Chairman
David Brooks
Colin Carl
Jim Moellinger
Nancy Sutton