Could a Texas municipal or justice court try a 15- or 16-year-old for a first alcohol offense under chapter 106?

Texas AG Opinion JM-380: Minor Alcohol Cases in Local Court

Plain-English summary

The Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission asked whether a municipal court or justice court could try a 15- or 16-year-old with no prior record for a misdemeanor under chapter 106 of the Alcoholic Beverage Code. The Attorney General answered yes when the offense was punishable by fine only. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

Municipal and justice courts had concurrent jurisdiction over Class C misdemeanors, but their criminal jurisdiction was limited to offenses punishable only by a fine. The opinion therefore excluded Alcoholic Beverage Code section 106.08 because its possible punishment included confinement in county jail. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

The Family Code generally gave juvenile courts exclusive original jurisdiction over proceedings involving children, and an earlier opinion had required transfer of ordinary Class C cases involving 15- or 16-year-olds with fewer than three prior convictions. Chapter 106, however, contained a specific procedure for criminal prosecution of minors accused of alcohol offenses. That special procedure controlled, so the earlier transfer rule did not apply to fine-only chapter 106 cases. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1985. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here.

Common questions

Did the minor need prior convictions before the local court had jurisdiction?

No. The holding expressly covered a 15- or 16-year-old who had no prior record of any law violation, as long as the chapter 106 offense was punishable by fine only. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

Did the opinion cover every offense in chapter 106?

No. It excluded section 106.08 because the maximum punishment could include county-jail confinement, which placed the offense beyond the fine-only jurisdiction of municipal and justice courts. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

Why did the ordinary juvenile-court transfer rule not apply?

Chapter 106 supplied its own procedure specifically for minors prosecuted in criminal court for alcohol offenses. The Attorney General treated that specific statutory scheme as an exception to the Family Code's more general juvenile-court rules. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

What special protections applied to the minor?

The opinion identified three: the minor could plead guilty only in open court, generally could not be convicted unless a parent or guardian was present, and could seek expunction at age 19 after no more than one conviction. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

Background and statutory framework

The Texas Constitution, article 1195, and Code of Criminal Procedure articles 4.11 and 4.14 limited municipal and justice courts to misdemeanor offenses punishable by fine only. Penal Code chapter 23 classified a Class C misdemeanor as punishable by a fine not exceeding $200. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

Family Code section 51.04(a) gave juvenile courts exclusive original jurisdiction over cases involving delinquent conduct or conduct indicating a need for supervision by a child. But Alcoholic Beverage Code sections 106.10 through 106.12 specifically addressed criminal-court proceedings involving minors, including pleas, parental presence, and expunction. Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

Citations and references

• Tex. Const. art. V, §§1, 19; V.T.C.S. art. 1195
• Code Crim. Proc. arts. 4.11, 4.14
• Penal Code ch. 23 and §8.07(b)
• Family Code §§51.01, 51.02, 51.03, 51.04, 51.08, 51.13
• Alcoholic Beverage Code §§1.05 and 106.01-106.12
• Steed v. State, 183 S.W.2d 458 (Tex. 1944)
• Attorney General Opinions WW-1171 (1961), M-327 (1968), H-320 (1974), H-487 (1975), JM-316 (1985)

Source: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

Source

• Landing page: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/jim-mattox/jm-0380
• Original PDF: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1985/jm0380.pdf

Original opinion text

Best-effort transcription from a scanned PDF. Minor errors may remain. The linked PDF is authoritative.

The Attorney General of Texas

November 14, 1985

Mr. W. S. McBeath
Administrator
Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission
P. O. Box 13127
Austin, Texas 78711

Opinion No. JM-380

Re: Whether a justice of the peace or municipal court has jurisdiction to try a misdemeanor offense under chapter 106 of the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code filed against a 15- or 16-year-old defendant who has no prior record

Dear Mr. McBeath:

You have requested our opinion regarding the following question:

Does a justice of the peace or municipal court have jurisdiction to try a misdemeanor offense under any provision of chapter 106 of the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code filed against a fifteen- or sixteen-year-old defendant who has no prior record of any violations of law?

As a preliminary matter, the criminal jurisdiction of a municipal court and a justice of the peace court is limited to misdemeanor offenses punishable by fine only. See Tex. Const. art. V, §§1, 19; see also V.T.C.S. art. 1195; Code Crim. Proc. arts. 4.11, 4.14. These two courts have concurrent jurisdiction over Class C misdemeanors. See Penal Code ch. 23 (individuals adjudged guilty of a Class C misdemeanor shall be punished by a fine not to exceed $200). Consequently, a justice of the peace court and a municipal court would have jurisdiction over misdemeanor offenses found in chapter 106 of the Alcoholic Beverage Code which are punishable by fine only. Thus, the two courts would not have jurisdiction of section 106.08 of the code because the maximum punishment upon conviction may include confinement in the county jail. See Alco. Bev. Code §1.05.

This office has concluded on several occasions that minors may be prosecuted in criminal court for possible violations of offenses prohibiting the possession and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Attorney General Opinions H-320 (1974); M-327 (1968); WW-1171 (1961). Attorney General Opinion WW-1171 concluded that certain laws involving alcoholic beverages provided an exception to the statutory provision against prosecuting minors in criminal court.

Since the issuance of these opinions, the legislature has recodified those penal laws involving alcoholic beverages into the Alcoholic Beverage Code. See Alco. Bev. Code §§106.01 et seq. Chapter 106 of the Alcoholic Beverage Code contains provisions relating to age, including several misdemeanor provisions involving conduct by a minor. Alco. Bev. Code §§106.02-106.07. The code presently defines "minor" as a person under 19 years of age. Id. §106.01; but see Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 285, §11, at 2390; Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 462, §9, at 3129, 3141.

The Penal Code provides that "[u]nless the juvenile court waives jurisdiction and certifies the individual for criminal prosecution, a person may not be prosecuted for or convicted of any offense. . . ." See Penal Code §8.07(b). The three express statutory exceptions to this waiver provision are perjury, aggravated perjury and state traffic offenses excluding driving while intoxicated and driving under the influence of drugs. See Penal Code §8.07(b).

Jurisdiction of the juvenile court is defined by Title III of the Family Code. Family Code §51.04(a). Section 51.04(a) of the Family Code provides:

This title covers the proceedings in all cases involving the delinquent conduct or conduct indicating a need for supervision engaged in by a person who was a child within the meaning of this title at the time he engaged in the conduct, and the juvenile court has exclusive original jurisdiction over proceedings under this title. (Emphasis added).

The Family Code defines "child" as a person "ten years of age or older and under 17 years of age." See Family Code §51.02(1)(A). "Delinquent conduct" is not applicable to misdemeanor offenses. See Attorney General Opinion H-487 (1975); see also Family Code §54.02(a)(1). However, "Conduct Indicating A Need for Supervision" has been defined by the legislature to include "three or more" offenses that are a violation of a penal ordinance of a "political subdivision of this state." See Family Code §51.03(b)(1)(B) (this provision excludes traffic offenses). Consequently, Attorney General Opinion JM-316 (1985) concluded that a municipal court does not have jurisdiction over a Class C misdemeanor offense involving a fifteen- or sixteen-year-old defendant who has fewer than three prior Class C misdemeanor convictions.

The Attorney General, in JM-316, reasoned that section 51.08 of the Family Code requires that the municipal court transfer these cases to the juvenile court for disposition. We believe that Attorney General Opinion JM-316 (1985) is consistent with one of the general purposes of Title III of the Family Code "to remove from children committing unlawful acts the taint of criminality and the consequences of criminal behavior and to substitute a program of treatment, training and rehabilitation." See Family Code §51.01(3); see also 31 Tex. Jur. 3d Delinquent Child §56. The proceeding in juvenile court is civil in nature and fewer than three Class C misdemeanors are not considered criminal prosecutions. See Steed v. State, 183 S.W.2d 458 (Tex. 1944); see also Family Code §51.13(a); Attorney General Opinion JM-316 (1985).

Attorney General Opinion JM-316 did not discuss the application of the Alcoholic Beverage Code when violated by minors. Although the legislature intended that a minor child's unlawful acts be prosecuted within the juvenile courts as a general rule, it has provided a specific statutory procedure exclusively for minors to be followed in criminal prosecution of minors under chapter 106 of the Alcoholic Beverage Code. The legislature has provided that when a child under the age of 19 is prosecuted in criminal court, municipal or justice court, for violation of an offense in the Alcoholic Beverage Code, the court having jurisdiction over the offense is required to adopt a specialized procedure. Alco. Bev. Code §§106.10-.12; see also R. Dawson, Texas Juvenile Law 37 (1984) (general discussion on specialized procedure for minors in the Alcoholic Beverage Code). Accordingly, Attorney General Opinion JM-316 (1985) is not applicable to the prosecution of minors, fifteen- or sixteen-year-olds, who have violated any provision of chapter 106 of the Alcoholic Beverage Code. See Attorney General Opinions H-320 (1974); M-327 (1968); WW-1171 (1961).

The specialized procedure requires that the minor may not plead guilty except in open court, Alcoholic Beverage Code §106.10, the minor may not be convicted generally unless his parent or guardian is present in court, Alcoholic Beverage Code §106.11(a), and the minor convicted of not more than one violation may apply to the court, on attaining the age of 19, to have the conviction expunged from his record. Alcoholic Beverage Code §106.12(a). The legislature has provided a similar procedure to be followed by a criminal court, municipal court or justice court, when a minor has violated a traffic offense. See V.T.C.S. art. 6701l-4, §§1a, 12. Moreover, traffic offenses are exempted from the exclusive jurisdiction of the juvenile court. Therefore, to conclude that a municipal court has jurisdiction to try an offense under the Alcoholic Beverage Code, which is punishable by a fine only, does not create a conflict with Attorney General Opinion JM-316 (1985).

SUMMARY

A justice of the peace court or a municipal court has jurisdiction to try a misdemeanor offense of the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Code which is punishable by fine only filed against a 15- or 16-year-old defendant who has no prior record of any violation of law.

Very truly yours,

JIM MATTOX
Attorney General of Texas

MARY KELLER
Executive Assistant Attorney General

ROBERT GRAY
Special Assistant Attorney General

RICK GILPIN
Chairman, Opinion Committee

Prepared by Tony Guillory and
Susan L. Garrison
Assistant Attorneys General

APPROVED:
OPINION COMMITTEE

Rick Gilpin, Chairman
Colin Carl
Susan Garrison
Tony Guillory
Jim Moellinger
Jennifer Riggs
Nancy Sutton
Sarah Woelk