Can Texas revoke a child-care license over an old criminal conviction?

Texas AG Opinion JC-0130: Revoking a Child-Care License Over a Criminal Conviction

Plain-English summary

A state senator asked the Attorney General whether the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services could rescind the license of a child-care facility operator who had been convicted of a crime thirty years earlier. The case behind the question involved a person who pleaded guilty in 1969 to aggravated assault (then a misdemeanor, now a Title 5 felony), completed probation, and had the case dismissed. Years later the Department, under a rule that then allowed a person convicted of any offense to operate a facility on proof of rehabilitation, granted her a waiver and a license. In 1998 the Department changed the rule to bar rehabilitation for Title 5 offenses, and it moved to revoke her waiver and license.

The Attorney General concluded that, under the Department's current rules, it may revoke the license of a child-care operator who was convicted of a criminal offense. By statute, no one may run a child-care facility without a Department license, and the Department must run criminal-history and child-abuse-registry checks on applicants. The legislature authorized the Department to make rules denying or revoking licenses based on those checks. The Department's rules say it may revoke a license based on a criminal-history check generally, and must deny or revoke for convictions under Title 5 (offenses against the person), Title 6 (offenses against the family), or chapter 43 (public indecency). A separate rule bars a convicted person from being present at a facility while children are in care, and the rehabilitation-waiver rule (which can excuse that bar for some offenses) expressly does not allow a waiver for Title 5, Title 6, or chapter 43 offenses. The opinion held both the mandatory-revocation rule and the no-waiver rule valid as authorized by the Human Resources Code.

The opinion addressed retroactivity: applying the newer rule to revoke a previously valid license looks retroactive, but the Texas Constitution bars retroactive laws only when they take away a vested right, and licenses to conduct regulated activities are generally privileges, not rights. So the retroactivity bar did not protect the operator. Two things the opinion deliberately did not decide: whether revocation was actually warranted on the particular facts, and whether a criminal case dismissed after successful probation amounts to a "conviction" for the rules' purposes, a question that depends on the case's history and the governing law.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1999. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here.

Common questions

Can Texas revoke a child-care license because of a criminal conviction?
Yes. The opinion concluded the Department of Protective and Regulatory Services may, under its current rules, revoke the license of a child-care facility operator who was convicted of a criminal offense.

Which convictions require revocation?
The opinion explained that the Department's rule requires denial or revocation for convictions under Title 5 (offenses against the person), Title 6 (offenses against the family), or chapter 43 (public indecency) of the Penal Code, or any like offense in another state.

Can a rehabilitated person still get a waiver?
Not for those offenses. The opinion noted that while the rules allow a rehabilitation waiver for some offenses, the rule expressly does not allow a waiver for Title 5, Title 6, or chapter 43 offenses; before a 1998 change, a waiver could be granted for any offense.

Isn't revoking a previously valid license an illegal retroactive law?
No. The opinion explained that the constitutional bar on retroactive laws applies only when a law takes away or impairs a vested right, and a license to conduct a regulated activity is generally a privilege, not a vested right.

Did the AG decide the specific operator's case?
No. The opinion said it could not make the necessary fact findings, and it also declined to decide whether a criminal case dismissed after successful probation counts as a "conviction" under the Department's rules.

Background and statutory framework

Chapter 42 of the Human Resources Code requires a Department license to operate a child-care facility (section 42.041(a)) and lets the Department suspend, deny, revoke, or refuse to renew a noncompliant facility's license (section 42.072(a)). The Department must perform criminal-history and child-abuse-registry checks (sections 42.0445, .056, .057), and section 42.072(d) (added by the 1997 act, ch. 1217) authorizes rules denying or revoking licenses based on those checks. The Department's rules implement this: 40 Texas Administrative Code section 725.1801(h) makes revocation discretionary in general but mandatory for Title 5, Title 6, or chapter 43 convictions, consistent with the "may"/"shall" distinction in section 311.016 of the Government Code. A separate rule (section 715.407) bars a convicted person from being present while children are in care; sections 725.2023, .2027, and .3067 govern waivers, with section 725.2027(c) prohibiting a rehabilitation waiver for Title 5, Title 6, or chapter 43 offenses.

The opinion also noted the general occupational-licensing statute (codified at chapter 53 of the Occupations Code, formerly article 6252-13c), which lets a licensing authority revoke a license when a conviction directly relates to the occupation, with factors listed in section 53.022. On retroactivity, it relied on State v. Project Principle, Inc. and Merchants Fast Motor Lines, Inc. v. Railroad Comm'n (a retroactive law is barred only if it impairs a vested right) and Texas Dep't of Pub. Safety v. Tune (licenses are generally privileges). On the unresolved "conviction" question, it compared article 42.12, section 20(a)(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the repealed Misdemeanor Probation Law of 1965 with McLendon v. Texas Dep't of Pub. Safety and Tune.

Citations

Constitutional provisions, statutes, and rules:

• Tex. Const. art. I, § 16
• Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.02 (Vernon 1994)
• Tex. Hum. Res. Code Ann. §§ 42.041(a) (Vernon Supp. 1999), 42.072(a), 42.072(d), 42.0445, .056, .057
• Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.016 (Vernon 1998)
• 40 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 715.407, 725.1801(h), 725.2023, 725.2027(a), 725.2027(c), 725.3067 (1999)
• Tex. Occ. Code §§ 53.021, 53.022
• Act of May 13, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 388, § 1, 1999 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 1431 (former art. 6252-13c, Vernon's Texas Civil Statutes)
• Act of May 23, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1217, § 13, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 4674
• Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.12, § 20(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 1999)
• Misdemeanor Probation Law of 1965, Act of April 29, 1965, 59th Leg., R.S., ch. 164, § 7(b), 1965 Tex. Gen. Laws 346 (former art. 42.13, Code of Criminal Procedure)

Cases:

• State v. Project Principle, Inc., 724 S.W.2d 387 (Tex. 1987)
• Merchants Fast Motor Lines, Inc. v. Railroad Comm'n, 573 S.W.2d 502 (Tex. 1978)
• Texas Dep't of Pub. Safety v. Tune, 977 S.W.2d 650 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1998, pet. dism'd w.o.j.)
• McLendon v. Texas Dep't of Pub. Safety, 985 S.W.2d 571 (Tex. App.-Waco 1998, pet. filed)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/john-cornyn/jc-0130
• Original PDF: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/1999/jc0130.pdf

Original opinion text

Best-effort transcription from a scanned PDF. Minor errors may remain — the linked PDF is authoritative.

OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF TEXAS
JOHN CORNYN

October 22, 1999

The Honorable Judith Zaffirini
Chair, Committee on Human Services
Texas State Senate
P.O. Box 12068
Austin, Texas 78711

Opinion No. JC-0130

Re: Whether the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services may rescind certain license to operate a child-care facility (RQ-0049-JC)

Dear Senator Zaffirini:

You ask whether the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services may rescind the license of a child-care facility operator who was convicted of a criminal offense thirty years ago. We conclude that, under current Department rules, the Department may rescind the license of a child-care facility operator who was convicted of a criminal offense.

You are inquiring about a particular case in which a person who had been convicted of aggravated assault was granted a license to operate a child-care facility. The person pleaded guilty in 1969 to aggravated assault, which was then a misdemeanor offense but which is now a felony offense listed in Title 5 of the Penal Code. See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 22.02 (Vernon 1994). Her sentence was suspended and she successfully served two years of probation, now called community supervision, at which time the case against her was dismissed pursuant to the Misdemeanor Probation Law of 1965, former article 42.13 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which was then in effect. Some years ago, the Department waived the licensing requirements and granted the person permission to operate a child-care facility under a prior Department rule that allowed a person convicted of any offense to operate a child-care facility upon proof of rehabilitation. The rule was amended in 1998 to prohibit rehabilitation for Title 5 offenses, and consequently the Department began proceedings to rescind the operator's rehabilitation waiver and revoke her license. You ask whether the Department may revoke her license.

We do not determine whether the Department may revoke the license of the particular child-care facility operator about whom you ask. This determination requires factual findings related to the criminal proceedings against the person, and we are unable to make such findings in the opinion process. Instead, we address the Department's legal authority with respect to child-care facility licensing.

With certain exceptions, no person may operate a child-care facility in Texas without a license or certificate issued by the Department of Protective and Regulatory Services pursuant to the requirements of chapter 42 of the Texas Human Resources Code. TEX. HUM. RES. CODE ANN. § 42.041(a) (Vernon Supp. 1999). The Department may suspend, deny, revoke, or refuse to renew the license of a facility that does not comply with the requirements of chapter 42, with the standards or rules of the Department, or with the specific terms of the license. Id. § 42.072(a).

As part of its licensing function, for each applicant the Department must perform a criminal history and background check and search the central registry of reported child-abuse cases. Id. §§ 42.0445, .056, .057. "The department by rule may provide for denial of an application or renewal for a licensed facility . . . or may revoke a facility's license . . . based on findings of background or criminal history as a result of a background or criminal history check." Id. § 42.072(d) (added by Act of May 23, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1217, § 13, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 4674, 4679). Consistent with the authority granted in section 42.072(d), the Department has adopted a rule providing that it may deny or revoke a license or certificate to operate a child-care facility based on the results of a child-abuse registry search or criminal-history check. 40 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 725.1801(h) (1999). For certain convictions, however, the rule requires the Department to deny or revoke a license:

The department shall deny an application or renewal for a license, certificate, listing or registration or shall revoke a license, certificate, or family home's listing or registration if the results of the background or criminal history check conducted by the department show that a person has been convicted of an offense under Title 5 [offenses against the person] or 6 [offenses against the family] of the Penal Code, or chapter 43, Penal Code [public indecency], or any like offense in another state.

Id. (emphasis added). This part of the rule is also authorized, though not required, by section 42.072(d). See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.016 (Vernon 1998) (providing that unless the context requires otherwise, "may" creates discretionary authority or grants permission or a power, while "shall" imposes a duty).

Another Department rule prohibits a person who has been convicted of a Title 5, Title 6, or chapter 43 offense from being present at a child-care facility while children are in care. See 40 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 715.407 (1999). This rule is significant to the case about which you ask because, as we understand it, the person not only holds the license but is present at the facility as an employee. Normally, a facility may receive permission from the Department not to meet a Department standard. See id. §§ 725.2023, .3067. A facility may receive a waiver of the prohibition on a convicted person having contact with children by showing to the Department's satisfaction that the person has been rehabilitated: "If an applicant . . . wishes to employ an individual in contact with children who has been convicted of a criminal offense, the applicant . . . must send a request to the director of licensing establishing that rehabilitation has occurred." Id. § 725.2027(a). If granted a waiver, the licensee must meet all conditions of the waiver. See id. § 725.2023.

But for certain offenses, permission to employ a rehabilitated convict will not be granted: "Rehabilitation will not be granted for offenses of Title 5 of the Penal Code (Offenses Against the Person); Title 6 of the Penal Code (Offenses Against the Family); and Chapter 43 of Title 9 of the Penal Code (Public Indecency)." Id. § 725.2027(c). Prior to a Department rule change in 1998, a rehabilitation waiver could be granted for any offense. We understand that because the rule was amended to prohibit rehabilitation for Title 5 offenses, the Department began license revocation proceedings against the operator about whom you ask.

We also note that a statute applying to state licenses generally authorizes a licensing authority, with a few exceptions, to revoke the license of a convicted person if the conviction directly relates to the subject of the license: "A licensing authority may suspend or revoke a license, disqualify a person from receiving a license, or deny to a person the opportunity to take a licensing examination on the grounds that the person has been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor that directly relates to the duties and responsibilities of the licensed occupation." Act of May 13, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 388, § 1, sec. 53.021, 1999 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 1431, 1447 (to be codified at chapter 53 of the Texas Occupations Code) (codifying article 6252-13c of the Revised Civil Statutes); see also id. § 6(a), 1999 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. at 2439-40 (repealing article 6252-13c of the Revised Civil Statutes). The statute lists factors to be considered by the licensing authority in determining whether the conviction relates to the occupation and in determining the fitness of the licensee to perform the duties of the license. Id. § 53.022. While we cannot decide whether revocation of the waiver or the license is merited by the facts of the particular case about which you ask, we conclude that the rule requiring the Department to revoke the license of a person convicted of a Title 5 offense and the rule prohibiting a rehabilitation waiver for such a person both are valid. The rules are authorized, though not required, by section 42.072(d) of the Human Resources Code.

It is true that the rules would appear to operate retroactively against the facility operator in this case, since they would allow the Department to revoke a license that was valid under a prior regulation. See TEX. CONST. art. I, § 16 ("No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or any law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be made."). But mere retroactivity is not sufficient to invalidate operation of the rule on constitutional grounds, since a retroactive law is prohibited by the constitution only if it takes away or impairs a vested right. State v. Project Principle, Inc., 724 S.W.2d 387, 390 (Tex. 1987); Merchants Fast Motor Lines, Inc. v. Railroad Comm'n, 573 S.W.2d 502, 504 (Tex. 1978). The granting of licenses and permits to conduct certain activities in the state are generally held to be privileges, not rights. See, e.g., Texas Dep't of Pub. Safety v. Tune, 977 S.W.2d 650, 653 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1998, pet. dism'd w.o.j.). Accordingly, the constitutional provision barring retroactive laws would not bar the Department from rescinding a child-care facility license.

We do not determine whether a person whose criminal case was dismissed following the successful completion of probation has been "convicted" for purposes of Department rules. Such a determination depends upon the facts surrounding the case, its procedural history, and the law applicable to it. Compare TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12, § 20(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 1999) (providing that defendant whose conviction is set aside following successful completion of probation "shall thereafter be released from all penalties and disabilities resulting from the offense or crime of which he has been convicted or to which he pleaded guilty"), with Misdemeanor Probation Law of 1965, Act of April 29, 1965, 59th Leg., R.S., ch. 164, § 7(b), 1965 Tex. Gen. Laws 346, 348 (repealed in 1985) (providing that conviction dismissed following successful completion of probation could not be considered "for any purpose"); compare McLendon v. Texas Dep't of Pub. Safety, 985 S.W.2d 571, 578-79 (Tex. App.-Waco 1998, pet. filed) (holding that unless licensing statute defines "conviction" to include set-aside conviction, then set-aside conviction is not "conviction" for purposes of licensing statute), with Texas Dep't of Pub. Safety v. Tune, 977 S.W.2d 650, 653 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1998, pet. dism'd w.o.j.) (holding that set-aside conviction was "conviction" where statute defined "conviction" to include adjudication of guilt even if defendant received probation or community supervision).

SUMMARY

The Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services may revoke the license of a child-care facility operator who was convicted of a criminal offense.

JOHN CORNYN
Attorney General of Texas

ANDY TAYLOR
First Assistant Attorney General

CLARK KENT ERVIN
Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel

ELIZABETH ROBINSON
Chair, Opinion Committee

Barbara Griffin
Assistant Attorney General - Opinion Committee