Does a Texas county clerk have to impress a raised seal on every page of a certified copy, or only on the last page?

TX AG Opinion GA-0404: Must a county clerk's seal be raised on every page of a certified copy?

Plain-English summary

When a Texas county clerk certifies a copy of a recorded document, the clerk puts a "clerk's certificate" on each page, which includes the county seal and the clerk's signature. County clerks had been disagreeing about one detail: does the seal have to be a raised, embossed impression on every single page, or can the clerk use something like watermarked paper showing the seal on each page and emboss the seal only on the last page? Some clerks were refusing to accept certified copies from other clerks who did not raise the seal on every page. The Office of Court Administration asked the Attorney General to settle it.

The opinion concluded that no statute requires the seal to be raised on every page. The Local Government Code requires the clerk to use the county court seal to authenticate official acts and to place the clerk's certificate, with the seal and signature, on each page or part of a page of a certified document. But nothing in chapter 118, section 191.001, or any other statute says the seal must be embossed rather than printed, or that it must be raised on all pages rather than one. The term "clerk's certificate" itself is not defined by statute or court decision.

Because the statutes leave that detail open, the opinion turned to the clerk's status as an elected officer. A county clerk is a constitutional elected official with a sphere of authority over the records in the clerk's office and discretion to administer the office. Recording is a ministerial duty, but how to form the certificate, including whether to raise the seal on every page, falls within the clerk's discretion. So the opinion held the clerk decides whether the seal placed on every page must be raised, and a copy bearing the clerk's certificate is a certified document either way.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 2006. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here.

The county clerk fee and recording provisions in chapter 118 and chapter 191 of the Local Government Code have been amended since 2006, and section numbers may have shifted. Anyone relying on this opinion for a current certification practice should check the present statutes, especially as electronic recording and certification have grown.

Who this opinion affected (as of 2006)

County clerks: The opinion told them they had discretion over whether to raise the seal on every page of a certified copy, and that a copy bearing the clerk's certificate was a certified document whether the seal was embossed on every page or only one.

Clerks receiving certified copies from other counties: It meant a clerk could not properly refuse another county's certified copy merely because that county did not emboss the seal on every page.

People and businesses obtaining certified records: It confirmed that a certified copy was valid based on the clerk's certificate, not on whether every page carried a raised seal, which mattered for anyone relying on certified deeds, plats, or court records.

Common questions

Did the opinion say a raised seal is never required?
It said no statute requires the seal to be raised on every page. The clerk's certificate, with the county seal and signature, must appear on each page, but whether the seal is embossed on every page is left to the clerk.

Why does the clerk get to decide?
Because the statutes do not specify, and a county clerk is an elected officer with discretion to administer the office. Where there is no hard-and-fast rule, the choice falls within that discretion.

Is a copy still "certified" if the seal is raised on only the last page?
Yes. The opinion concluded that a document bearing the clerk's certificate is a certified document, regardless of how many pages carry a raised seal.

Can one county clerk reject another county's certified copy over this?
The opinion's logic says no: since the practice is within each clerk's discretion and the copy is certified once it bears the clerk's certificate, a clerk should not refuse it solely for lack of a raised seal on every page.

Background and statutory framework

The county clerk is an elected constitutional officer who serves as county recorder and clerk of the county and commissioners courts (Tex. Const. art. V, § 20; Tex. Loc. Gov't Code Ann. §§ 191.001(a), 192.006(a) (Vernon 1999); Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 25.0010(b) (Vernon 2004)). The clerk must record instruments, give an attested copy on demand, and use the county court seal to authenticate official acts (Tex. Loc. Gov't Code Ann. §§ 191.001(b), (c) (Vernon 1999), 191.004(a) (Vernon Supp. 2005); chs. 192, 193). Chapter 118 sets the fees for certified papers, splitting the charge between the clerk's certificate and copying, and section 118.014 and section 118.060 describe the certificate placed on each page or part of a page (Tex. Loc. Gov't Code Ann. ch. 118; §§ 118.011(a), 118.011(a)(3), 118.052, 118.052(3)(B), 118.014(a), 118.060(a), 118.0145(a), 118.0605(a)).

Certification signifies that the copy is a true copy of the original (Tex. Attorney Gen. v. Litten, 999 S.W.2d 74 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied)). Recording is a ministerial duty enforceable by mandamus (Turrentine v. Lasane, 389 S.W.2d 336 (Tex. Civ. App.-Waco 1965, no writ)), but as an elected officer the clerk holds a sphere of authority and discretion over the office. Discretion is the power to act according to what appears just and proper in the absence of hard-and-fast rules, unlike a ministerial duty that allows no choice (Permanent Rd. Comm'rs v. Johnson, 231 S.W. 859 (Tex. Civ. App.-Dallas 1921, no writ) (quoting Bd. of Comm'rs of Rio Grande County v. Lewis, 28 Colo. 378, 65 Pac. 51 (1901)); Deaver v. Bridges, 47 S.W.3d 549 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2000, no pet.); The Styria v. Morgan, 186 U.S. 1 (1902)). Because the statutes do not mandate a raised seal on every page, the opinion placed that choice within the clerk's discretion.

Citations

Statutes:

• Tex. Const. art. V, § 20
• Tex. Loc. Gov't Code Ann. §§ 191.001(a)-(c) (Vernon 1999), 191.004(a) (Vernon Supp. 2005)
• Tex. Loc. Gov't Code Ann. chs. 118, 192, 193 (Vernon 1999 & Supp. 2005)
• Tex. Loc. Gov't Code Ann. §§ 118.011(a), 118.011(a)(3), 118.052, 118.052(3)(B) (Vernon Supp. 2005)
• Tex. Loc. Gov't Code Ann. §§ 118.014(a), 118.060(a), 118.0145(a), 118.0605(a) (Vernon 1999)
• Tex. Loc. Gov't Code Ann. § 192.006(a) (Vernon 1999); Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 25.0010(b) (Vernon 2004)

Cases:

• Tex. Attorney Gen. v. Litten, 999 S.W.2d 74 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied)
• Turrentine v. Lasane, 389 S.W.2d 336 (Tex. Civ. App.-Waco 1965, no writ)
• Permanent Rd. Comm'rs v. Johnson, 231 S.W. 859 (Tex. Civ. App.-Dallas 1921, no writ)
• Bd. of Comm'rs of Rio Grande County v. Lewis, 28 Colo. 378, 65 Pac. 51 (1901)
• Deaver v. Bridges, 47 S.W.3d 549 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2000, no pet.)
• The Styria v. Morgan, 186 U.S. 1 (1902)

Source

• Landing page: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/greg-abbott/ga-0404
• Original PDF: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/sites/default/files/opinion-files/opinion/2006/ga0404.pdf

Original opinion text

Best-effort transcription from a scanned PDF. Minor errors may remain - the linked PDF is authoritative.

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS
GREG ABBOTT

February 23, 2006

Mr. Carl Reynolds
Administrative Director
Office of Court Administration
Post Office Box 12066
Austin, Texas 78711-2066

Opinion No. GA-0404

Re: Whether the seal placed on certified copies of documents recorded in the county clerk's office must be raised (RQ-0384-GA)

Dear Mr. Reynolds:

You seek our opinion on "whether a county clerk may properly place a county clerk's certificate on each page of a document by means other than impressing a raised seal on each page of the document along with the clerk's signature."[1] You tell us that the Local Government Code requires county clerks to place the county clerk's certificate on each page or part of a page of certified papers but that no statute defines "county clerk's certificate." Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. You further inform us that county clerks disagree about the requirements of a clerk's certificate. See id. Specifically, you write that

[s]ome clerks contend that that [sic] the county clerk's certificate can only be placed on a page of a document by impressing a raised seal upon the page and by including the clerk's signature along with the raised seal. They sometimes will refuse to accept certified copies from other county clerks who do not use a raised seal on each page of the document. Other county clerks do not believe that a raised seal must be impressed upon each page along with the clerk's signature. For example, one clerk uses paper containing a visible watermark on each page of a certified document that states "OFFICE OF COUNTY CLERK CERTIFIED COPY" and contains a visible image of the county seal. This clerk impresses a raised seal only on the document's last page, which also contains information identifying the type of record, the number of pages, and the clerk's stamped signature.

Id. (citation omitted). You ask whether the seal that is placed on every page must be raised on every page or whether it may be raised only on the last page of the document. See id.

The office of the county clerk is an elected constitutional office. See TEX. CONST. art. V, § 20 ("There shall be elected for each county, by the qualified voters, a County Clerk, who shall hold his office for four years, who shall be the clerk of the County and Commissioners Courts and recorder of the county, whose duties, perquisites and fees of office shall be prescribed by the Legislature . . . ."); see also TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 191.001(a) (Vernon 1999); Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0203 (2004) at 3. A primary duty of the county clerk is to serve as the county recorder. See TEX. CONST. art. V, § 20; TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 191.001(a). "The county clerk shall record, exactly, without delay, and in the manner provided . . . , the contents of each instrument that is filed for recording and that the clerk is authorized to record." TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 191.001(c) (Vernon 1999). Chapter 192, Local Government Code, expressly provides for specific instruments to be recorded. See id. ch. 192 (Vernon 1999 & Supp. 2005). The Local Government Code also directs the manner in which the county clerk should record and index recorded documents. See id. ch. 193. The Local Government Code requires that "[o]n demand, the county clerk shall give an attested copy of any instrument that is recorded in the clerk's office." Id. § 191.004(a) (Vernon Supp. 2005); see also Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0203 (2004) at 3 ("The clerk provides an 'attested,' or certified, copy of an instrument recorded in the clerk's office . . . ."). And the county clerk is required to "use the county court seal to authenticate all of the clerk's official acts as county recorder." TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 191.001(b) (Vernon 1999).

Chapter 118 of the Local Government Code governs the fees to be charged by county officers. See id. ch. 118 (Vernon 1999 & Supp. 2005). Section 118.011 sets out the fee schedule for fees that the county clerk shall collect for rendition of certain services. See id. § 118.011(a) (Vernon Supp. 2005). Section 118.052 establishes a similar fee schedule for certain services rendered by the clerk of a county court.[2] See id. § 118.052. Both sections establish a fee for "Certified Papers." See id. §§ 118.011(a)(3), .052(3)(B). In both sections, the fee for "Certified Papers" has two components: a fee for the clerk's certificate and a fee for copying each page or part of a page. See id. §§ 118.011(a)(3), .052(3)(B). Section 118.014 clarifies that the "fees for 'Certified Papers' under section 118.011 are for the county clerk's certificate that shall be placed on each page or part of a page, and a fee for copying each page or part of a page, of a notice, statement, license or document that the clerk is authorized or required to issue." Id. § 118.014(a) (Vernon 1999). The language of section 118.060 is almost identical with respect to the fees charged under section 118.052(3). See id. § 118.060(a).

Sections 118.014 and 118.060 use the term "clerk's certificate." See id. §§ 118.014(a), .060(a). Though undefined by Texas statute or judicial opinion, clearly the clerk's certificate referred to in sections 118.014 and 118.060 is the same clerk's certificate referenced in sections 118.011 and 118.052. See id. §§ 118.011, .052 (Vernon Supp. 2005). The clerk's certificate is that which makes a copy of a document a "certified copy" distinguishable from a "noncertified copy." See id. §§ 118.0145(a), .0605(a) (Vernon 1999). Certification signifies that the copy is a "true copy." See Tex. Attorney Gen. v. Litten, 999 S.W.2d 74, 78 n.7 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. denied) (quoting BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 287 (4th ed. 1968)); see also Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0203 (2004) at 3. A county clerk puts the clerk's certificate on a copy of an original document to certify or attest to the fact that the copy is an exact reproduction of the original. See Litten, 999 S.W.2d at 78 n.7; Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0203 (2004) at 3. The Office of Court Administration's Manual for County Clerks appears to equate the placing of the seal and the clerk's signature on a document with certification. See OFFICE OF COURT ADMINISTRATION, COUNTY CLERK MANUAL II-20 (2003) (stating that the "clerk, by affixing his or her seal and signature, swears that the copy is a true and exact replica of the recorded instrument in its entirety."). Other than requiring placement of the county seal and clerk's signature on each page of a document, neither chapter 118 nor any other Texas statute dictates the exact prerequisites and contours of the clerk's certificate. See generally TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. ch. 118 (Vernon 1999 & Supp. 2005). Similarly, section 191.001(b), Local Government Code, requires the placement of the seal on every page of the document that is to be certified, but does not address whether the seal must be raised on one, all, or any of the pages of the document. See id. § 191.001(b) (Vernon 1999).

While the recording of documents is a ministerial task of the county clerk, see Turrentine v. Lasane, 389 S.W.2d 336, 337 (Tex. Civ. App.-Waco 1965, no writ) (holding that the "clerk's ministerial duty to record is properly enforced by mandamus"); see also Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. Nos. JM-508 (1986) at 3, JM-310 (1985) at 3; Tex. Att'y Gen. LO-98-016 at 7 (concluding that the "county clerk has a ministerial duty to accept a document for filing and recording if a statute authorizes, requires or permits it to be filed in the clerk's office, and if it is regular on its face."), the clerk nevertheless is an elected county officer with a certain sphere of authority. See TEX. CONST. art. V, § 20; Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0203 (2004) at 3 ("As an elected officer, the clerk occupies a sphere of authority within which another elected officer may not interfere."). The sphere of authority of the county clerk includes records in the clerk's office. See Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0203 (2004) at 3.

A "county officer retains control over the accomplishment of the officer's constitutional and statutory duties," Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. JC-0239 (2000) at 3 (concluding that "[a]n elected county official's authority to accomplish the constitutional or statutory purposes of his or her office encompasses the authority to dismiss his or her employees for all or part of a day for any reason" that does not violate the constitution), and has "sufficient discretion to administer the office as the official wishes." Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. JC-0323 (2001) at 5. With regard to public functionaries, discretion has been defined as the "power or right to act officially, according to what appears just and proper under the circumstances." Permanent Rd. Comm'rs v. Johnson, 231 S.W. 859, 860 (Tex. Civ. App.-Dallas 1921, no writ) (quoting Bd. of Comm'rs of Rio Grande County v. Lewis, 28 Colo. 378, 65 Pac. 51 (1901)). Unlike ministerial duties that "require obedience to orders or the performance of a duty to which the actor has no choice," Deaver v. Bridges, 47 S.W.3d 549, 553 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2000, no pet.), discretion involves choice in the absence of hard-and-fast rules. See The Styria v. Morgan, 186 U.S. 1, 9 (1902); Tex. Att'y Gen. Op. No. GA-0353 (2005) at 4. Texas statutes do not mandate that the seal placed on every page of a document as part of the clerk's certificate be raised. We therefore conclude that a county clerk has discretion to determine whether the seal placed on every page of the document must be raised. A document that bears a clerk's certificate is a certified document.

SUMMARY

Texas statutes do not mandate that the seal placed on every page of a document as part of the clerk's certificate be raised. As an elected officer the county clerk has discretion to determine whether the seal placed on every page of the document must be raised. A document that bears a clerk's certificate is a certified document.

Very truly yours,

GREG ABBOTT
Attorney General of Texas

BARRY R. MCBEE
First Assistant Attorney General

ELLEN L. WITT
Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel

NANCY S. FULLER
Chair, Opinion Committee

Charlotte M. Harper
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee

Footnotes

1. Letter from Carl Reynolds, Administrative Director, Office of Court Administration, to Honorable Greg Abbott, Attorney General of Texas (Aug. 22, 2005) (on file with the Opinion Committee, also available at http://www.oag.state.tx.us) [hereinafter Request Letter].

2. The county clerk is also clerk of the county court. See TEX. CONST. art. V, § 20 ("There shall be elected for each county, by the qualified voters, a County Clerk, who shall hold his office for four years, who shall be clerk of the County and Commissioners Courts and recorder of the county, whose duties, perquisites and fees of office shall be prescribed by the Legislature . . . ."); see also TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 25.0010(b) (Vernon 2004) ("The county clerk shall serve as clerk of each statutory county court."); TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 192.006(a) (Vernon 1999) (providing that the county clerk is custodian of the records of the county court in civil and criminal cases and probate matters).