Can a person hold the paid position of fire district master mechanic at the same time as serving as an elected fire district commissioner?

Plain-English summary

Brighton Fire District No. 5 wanted to know whether one person could simultaneously serve as a paid master mechanic of the fire district and as an elected fire district commissioner. The AG framed the question through the standard New York compatibility-of-office test from People ex rel. Ryan v Green, 58 NY 295 (1874): two offices are incompatible when one is subordinate to the other or when their duties are inherently inconsistent.

The AG concluded the positions are incompatible on the subordination axis.

Town Law § 176(18-a) gives the board of fire commissioners the power to employ persons needed to carry out the district's purposes, including specifying the terms and conditions of employment of paid employees. The master mechanic is a paid employee under this provision. Town Law § 176(11) authorizes the board to adopt rules and regulations governing fire companies and departments, prescribe the duties of members, and enforce discipline. Town Law § 176-a(1) gives the fire chief, on behalf of the board, supervisory authority over members, officers, and employees of the fire district, with authority to hold them accountable for neglect of duty and suspend them for improper conduct, subject to the board's review.

Put together, the master mechanic position sits underneath the board of fire commissioners in the chain of authority. The board sets pay, conditions, and discipline. The same person cannot be both his own boss and his own employee.

The AG draws a comparison to a separately well-settled rule: a member of a legislative body should not also serve as a paid employee of the same municipality. Op Atty Gen (Inf) No. 81-55. The structural concern is the same. The commissioner's vote on pay, discipline, or the master mechanic's continued employment would be a self-dealing decision that cannot be cleansed by recusal because it pervades the office's daily duties.

The opinion contrasts Town Law § 175(3), which expressly authorizes a volunteer firefighter to serve as a fire district commissioner. The Legislature drew a line: unpaid volunteer service is compatible; paid employment is not. There is no parallel exception for fire district employees.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1997. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule, deadline, or remedy mentioned here.

Common questions

What does "subordinate" mean in this context?

A position is subordinate to another when the holder of the second position has authority over the first: hiring, firing, setting pay, supervising, or disciplining. The master mechanic is subordinate to the board of fire commissioners because the board does all of those things to him. The same person cannot exercise authority over himself.

Could the commissioner-mechanic just recuse from decisions about himself?

Recusal works for occasional conflicts. It does not work when the conflict is structural and continuous, as here. The board sets pay, conditions of employment, discipline, and operational rules that apply to all employees including the master mechanic. The commissioner-mechanic would have to recuse from a substantial portion of routine board business. The AG treats that as incompatibility, not as a managed conflict.

Why does Town Law expressly allow volunteer firefighters to be commissioners?

Volunteer firefighters are not paid employees. The board's pay, hiring, and disciplinary authority does not put them in subordinate-employment positions. Volunteer service has its own structures of recognition and accountability, but it lacks the central feature (paid employment) that creates the subordination problem. Town Law § 175(3) makes that legislative choice explicit.

Does this rule apply outside the fire district context?

Yes. The same compatibility doctrine governs any pairing of an elected or appointed governing-body position with a paid municipal employment role under that governing body. AG opinions repeatedly hold that a town board member cannot be a paid town employee, a village trustee cannot be a paid village employee, and so on. Op Atty Gen (Inf) No. 81-55 is one of many statements of the rule.

Could the fire district restructure the master mechanic position to avoid the conflict?

The opinion does not invite that. The conflict is structural to the board's authority over its employees. A restructure that took pay, discipline, or supervision authority away from the board could change the analysis, but it would also dismantle the board's statutory role under § 176. The straightforward solution is for the person to hold one position or the other, not both.

What about a fire district treasurer or secretary doubling as commissioner?

The opinion does not address those roles directly, but the same analysis would apply to any fire district employee. Whether a particular volunteer or unpaid officer role is incompatible depends on the specific duties and authority relationships. Each combination should be analyzed under the People ex rel. Ryan v Green test.

Background and statutory framework

Town Law Article 11 governs fire districts. Section 175 sets out the framework for fire commissioners (subdivision 3 expressly allows volunteer firefighters to serve as commissioners). Section 176 enumerates the board's powers, including (11) discipline and rules governing the district, and (18-a) hiring of paid employees with authority to set terms and conditions. Section 176-a addresses the fire chief's role; subdivision 1 provides supervisory authority on behalf of the board.

The common-law compatibility doctrine from People ex rel. Ryan v Green, 58 NY 295 (1874), supplies the test. Two offices are incompatible if one is subordinate to the other or if their duties are inherently inconsistent. Compatibility extends not just to two public offices but to an office and a paid position of employment.

Citations

• Town Law § 175(3) (volunteer firefighter may also be fire district commissioner).
• Town Law § 176(11) (board's authority to discipline and adopt rules).
• Town Law § 176(18-a) (board's authority to employ persons and set terms of employment).
• Town Law § 176-a(1) (fire chief's supervisory authority on behalf of the board).
• People ex rel. Ryan v Green, 58 NY 295 (1874) (compatibility doctrine).
• Op Atty Gen (Inf) No. 81-55 (legislative body member should not also serve as paid municipal employee).

Source

• Landing page: https://ag.ny.gov/libraries-documents/opinions/opinions-year
• Original PDF: https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/opinions/I_97-44_pw.pdf

Original opinion text

TOWN LAW §§ 175(3), 176(11), (18-a), 176-a(1).
A person may not hold both the positions of master mechanic
of the fire district and fire district commissioner.

October 1, 1997

Joseph J. Schoellkopf, Jr., Esq.
Brighton Fire District No. 5
1000 Cathedral Place
298 Main Street
Buffalo, NY 14202-4096

Informal Opinion
No. 97-44

Dear Mr. Schoellkopf:
You have asked whether a person may hold simultaneously the
position of fire district commissioner and the paid position of
master mechanic of the fire district.
In the absence of a constitutional or statutory prohibition
against dual-officeholding, one person may hold two offices
simultaneously unless they are incompatible. The leading case on
compatibility of office is People ex rel. Ryan v Green, 58 NY 295
(1874). In that case the Court held that two offices are
incompatible if one is subordinate to the other or if there is an
inherent inconsistency between the two offices. The former can
be characterized as "you cannot be your own boss", a status
readily identifiable. The latter is not easily characterized,
for one must analyze the duties of the two offices to ascertain
whether there is an inconsistency. An obvious example is the
inconsistency of holding both the office of auditor and the
office of director of finance.
There are two subsidiary aspects of compatibility. One is
that the principle equally covers an office and a position of
employment or two positions of employment. Also, where positions
are compatible, a conflict of interests may arise out of the
simultaneous holding of the positions. The conflict can be
avoided by declining to participate in the disposition of the
particular matter.
Fire district commissioners, acting as a board, are
authorized to employ persons who are necessary to carry out the
purposes of the district. Town Law § 176(18-a). Under this
provision, they specify the terms and conditions of employment of
paid employees. The board may adopt rules and regulations
governing all fire companies and fire departments of the

2
district, prescribe the duties of the members and enforce
discipline. Id., § 176(11). On behalf of the board, the fire
chief supervises the members, officers and employees of the fire
district, holds them accountable for neglect of duty and may
suspend them for improper conduct, subject to action by the board
at its next meeting. Id., § 176-a(1).
Under the above provisions, we believe that the position of
master mechanic is subordinate to the office of fire district
commissioner and, therefore, the positions are incompatible and
should not be held by the same person. The fire district
commissioners determine the terms and conditions of employment of
paid employees and are responsible for disciplining these
employees. They must perform these responsibilities impartially.
Even the appearance of impropriety must be avoided to maintain
confidence in government. In prior opinions of this office, we
have found that a member of a legislative body should not also
serve as an employee of the municipality. Op Atty Gen (Inf)
No. 81-55.
We note that the Town Law specifically allows a volunteer
firefighter to also serve as a fire district commissioner. Town
Law § 175(3). There is no similar statutory provision covering
an employee of the fire district.
We conclude that a person may not hold both the positions of
master mechanic of the fire district and fire district
commissioner.
The Attorney General renders formal opinions only to
officers and departments of State government. This perforce is
an informal and unofficial expression of the views of this
office.
Very truly yours,

JAMES D. COLE
Assistant Attorney General
In Charge of Opinions