Could Maryland CPAs share a client's tax return information with another accounting firm doing a confidential quality peer review of their work?

Plain-English summary

A member of the House of Delegates asked the Attorney General whether Maryland law prohibited certified public accountants from participating in professional "quality reviews" of their own work, specifically whether disclosing a client's confidential tax information to the reviewing firm would violate the tax-confidentiality provision of the Tax-General Article.

The opinion concluded that it did not. A 1992 amendment to the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article had repealed the old, near-absolute CPA confidentiality rule and replaced it with a new section that expressly allowed a CPA or CPA firm to disclose client data to another CPA or firm conducting a quality review, so long as the reviewing firm kept that information confidential. Because that 1992 amendment was itself "a law of this State" expressly authorizing the disclosure, the opinion concluded it fit within an exception to the Tax-General Article's separate prohibition on a tax return preparer disclosing client information, so no violation of either provision resulted from participating in a quality review program.

Currency note

This opinion was issued in 1993. Subsequent statutory amendments, court decisions, or later AG opinions may have changed the analysis. Treat this page as historical context, not current legal advice. Verify current law before relying on any specific rule mentioned here, particularly since Maryland's Tax-General and Courts and Judicial Proceedings Articles have been amended multiple times since 1993.

Common questions

Could a Maryland CPA firm let another accounting firm review its confidential client files, including tax return information, as part of a professional quality review?
Yes, according to the opinion. It read the 1992 version of CJ §9-110(c) to expressly authorize a CPA or CPA firm to disclose client data to another CPA or firm that conducts a quality review, so long as the reviewing firm kept that information under the same duty of confidentiality that applied to the firm being reviewed.

Did sharing tax return information with a reviewing firm violate Maryland's tax-confidentiality statute?
The opinion concluded it did not. TG §13-207(b) prohibited an income tax return preparer from disclosing client tax information, but allowed disclosures "authorized expressly by a law of this State," and the opinion found that the 1992 amendment to CJ §9-110(c) was exactly such an express statutory authorization.

Why did the Attorney General think the 1992 change to accountant confidentiality law mattered here?
Before 1992, former CJ §9-110(a) contained a near-absolute bar on a CPA disclosing client communications or information, with only narrow exceptions for criminal law enforcement and bankruptcy proceedings. The opinion explained that the General Assembly's 1992 rewrite of that section was intended to remove any doubt that the confidentiality duty itself would block legitimate peer quality review programs.

Background and statutory framework

The inquiry arose because members of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and its Maryland affiliate were required to participate in "quality review," a form of peer monitoring in which an outside CPA firm reviewed a firm's work papers on a confidential basis to help identify deficiencies. At least one CPA firm had suggested that Maryland's tax-confidentiality statute barred the disclosures necessary to conduct such reviews.

The opinion traced the history of accountant confidentiality under the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article. Until 1990, former CJ §9-110(a) contained a broad, near-absolute prohibition on a CPA disclosing any client communication or information without the client's express permission, subject only to narrow exceptions. In Chapter 289 of the Laws of Maryland 1992, the General Assembly repealed that provision and enacted a new CJ §9-110 that continued to prohibit disclosure generally but added a specific carve-out, CJ §9-110(c), permitting a CPA or CPA firm to disclose data to another CPA or firm conducting a quality review, while binding the reviewing firm to the same confidentiality duty.

The opinion then turned to the Tax-General Article. TG §13-207(b) barred an income tax return preparer from disclosing information obtained while preparing a return, except where disclosure was "authorized expressly by a law of this State or the federal government." The opinion read the 1992 version of CJ §9-110(c) as exactly this kind of express state-law authorization, noting that Maryland's income tax law was intended to conform to federal law, and that Congress had similarly amended the analogous federal confidentiality statute, 26 U.S.C. §7216, to permit disclosures for quality or peer reviews.

Citations and references

Statutes:

• §13-207(b) of the Tax-General Article, prohibiting an income tax return preparer from disclosing client information absent an exception
• TG §13-1019, the criminal penalty provision for unlawful disclosure by an income tax return preparer
• TG §10-107, directing the Comptroller to apply federal income tax interpretations to Maryland's income tax law where practicable
• COMAR 09.24.01.04C(1)(c), the Board of Public Accountancy regulation permitting disclosures in the course of a quality review
• CJ §9-110, the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article provision (former and 1992-amended versions) governing CPA confidentiality and the quality-review exception
• 26 U.S.C. §7216(b)(3), the federal tax-preparer confidentiality statute's quality/peer review exception
• 26 C.F.R. §301.7216-2(o), the federal regulation implementing that exception

Cases:

• Hare v. Family Publications Service, Inc., 334 F.Supp. 953, 960-61 (D. Md. 1971), cited on the broad sweep of the former CPA confidentiality privilege
• Grant Thornton v. State Bd. of Public Accountancy, No. 1725 (Ct. Spec. App. July 7, 1989) (unreported), also cited on the scope of the former confidentiality provision
• Katzenberg v. Comptroller, 263 Md. 189, 198, 282 A.2d 465 (1971), cited for Maryland's policy of conforming state income tax law to federal income tax law

Source

• Landing page: https://oag.maryland.gov/resources-info/Pages/attorney-general%E2%80%99s-opinions.aspx
• Original PDF: https://oag.maryland.gov/resources-info/Documents/pdfs/Opinions/1993/78oag003.pdf

Original opinion text

ACCOUNTANTS

INCOME TAX — DISCLOSURE OF TAX INFORMATION PERMITTED AS PART OF QUALITY REVIEW PROGRAM

                       July 15, 1993

The Honorable Michael E. Busch
House of Delegates

  You have requested our opinion whether Maryland law prohibits certified public accountants in Maryland from participating in professional quality reviews of their work. In particular, you ask whether the disclosure of client tax information that is a necessary part of these quality reviews would violate the prohibition on the disclosure of such information set out in §13-207(b) of the Tax-General Article, Maryland Code ("TG" Article).

  For the reasons stated below, we conclude that neither TG §13-207(b) nor any other provision of Maryland law prohibits disclosure of client information by one CPA firm to another as part of a quality review program, so long as the CPA firm receiving the information maintains it in confidence.

                              I

                     Quality Review

  As we understand the facts, members of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and its Maryland affiliate, the Maryland Association of Certified Public Accountants, are required to engage in a form of peer monitoring called "quality review." Under this process, a CPA firm engages an outside firm to review its work papers on a confidential basis and comment on the quality of the accounting work performed. The reviewing firm is hired as an agent of the firm undergoing the review and is held to the same confidentiality requirements as apply to the employees of the firm under review. The purpose of the program is to help the firm under review identify and correct any deficiencies in its methods.

 The Maryland State Board of Public Accountancy has adopted a regulation stating that the general prohibition of unconsented disclosure of "confidential information pertaining to [the CPA's] client" does not prohibit "disclosures in the course of a quality review of a licensee's professional services." COMAR 09.24.01.04C(1)(c). The Accountancy Board, moreover, has taken the position that client consent to the disclosure of information to the reviewing firm is not required so long as the reviewing firm is employed by the firm under review.

  At least one CPA firm has suggested, however, that Maryland law relating to the confidentiality of tax-related information prohibits the disclosures necessary under the quality review program. To explain why we do not agree with this suggestion, we turn to the relevant statutes.

                              II

              Confidentiality Requirements

 Until 1990, Maryland law contained a near-absolute prohibition on the disclosure of client information by a CPA:

            A certified public accountant or any person employed by him may not disclose the contents of any communication made to him by a person employing him to examine, audit, or report on any book, record, account, or statement nor may he disclose any information derived from the person or material in rendering professional service unless the person employing him or his personal representative or his successor in interest permits it expressly.

Former §9-110(a) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article ("CJ" Article). Although codified in the portion of the Courts Article that contains various evidentiary privileges, the prohibition in CJ §9-110 was very broad in its sweep. See generally Hare v. Family Publications Service, Inc. 334 F.Supp. 953, 960-61 (D. Md. 1971); Grant Thornton v. State Bd. of Public Accountancy, No. 1725 (Ct. Spec. App. July 7, 1989) (unreported). The only exceptions set out in former CJ §9-110 had to do with enforcement of the criminal laws and bankruptcy proceedings.

  In Chapter 289 of the Laws of Maryland 1992, the General Assembly repealed former CJ §9-110 and enacted an entirely new section in its stead. The new section continues to prohibit a CPA or CPA firm from disclosing client communications or information. CJ §9-110(b). The new section, however, contains the following provision expressly authorizing disclosures in the course of a quality review:

             (1) A licensed certified public accountant or firm may disclose any data to another certified public accountant or firm that conducts a quality review.

             (2) The disclosure permitted by paragraph (1) of this subsection:

               (i) Does not waive the privilege required by subsection (b) of this section; and

              (ii) Subjects a licensed certified public accountant or firm that conducts a quality review to the same duty of confidentiality applicable to the license[d] certified public accountant or firm undergoing the quality review.

CJ §9-110(c). One obvious purpose of this language is to ensure that the duty of confidentiality that was set out in broad terms in the former CJ §9-110 and that is carried forward to the new section would not itself be a barrier to the conduct of quality review programs. But the statutory language goes further: It states affirmatively that a CPA "may disclose any data to another [CPA] or firm that conducts a quality review." The General Assembly decided that, as a matter of public policy, quality reviews were beneficial and ought to be encouraged. See Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee, Bill Analysis of House Bill 155. The General Assembly did so by employing permissive language that is as sweeping as the prohibitory language of the confidentiality requirement itself.

  Under §13-207(b) of the Tax-General Article ("TG" Article), "[a]n income tax return preparer may not disclose any information that the preparer obtains while preparing or helping to prepare a return ...." This general rule of tax confidentiality is modified by certain exceptions, including a disclosure that is "authorized expressly by a law of this State or the federal government." TG §13-207(b)(2). The flat authorization to disclose information in the course of a quality review contained in the 1992 version of CJ §9-110(c) means that this disclosure is "authorized expressly by a law of this State ...."

  This straightforward reading of the effect of CJ §9-110(c) on TG §13-207 advances the general intent of Maryland's income tax law to conform to federal law. "'[The] State Legislature deliberately and intentionally pronounced a doctrine of conformance between the State income tax law and federal income tax law.'" Katzenberg v. Comptroller, 263 Md. 189, 198, 282 A.2d 465 (1971) (quoting 52 Opinions of the Attorney General 451, 452 (1967)). Indeed, TG §10-107 instructs the Comptroller, to the extent practicable, to "apply the administrative and judicial interpretations of the federal income tax law to the administration of the income tax laws of this State."

 Only a few years before the General Assembly enacted CJ §9-110(c), Congress amended §7216 of the Internal Revenue Code to authorize regulations under which tax return preparers may disclose information "for quality or peer reviews." 26 U.S.C. §7216(b)(3). "[T]he purpose of this provision is to enable a return preparer to obtain the benefits of having another return preparer review the first preparer's work." H.R. Rep. No. 101-247, 101st Cong., 1st Sess. 1401 (1989), reprinted in 1989 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 1906, 2871. While it might have been preferable for the General Assembly to have amended TG §13-207, the counterpart to §7216 of the Internal Revenue Code, by cross-referencing CJ §9-110(c), the amendment to CJ §9-110 was intended to have the same effect, in our opinion.

  Because disclosure is thus authorized, the criminal penalty in TG §13-1019 for unlawful disclosure of information by an income tax return preparer is inapplicable. There is no violation of TG §13-207 if a tax preparer complies with CJ §9-110(c).

                                III

                            Conclusion

 In summary, it is our opinion that Maryland law does not prohibit the disclosure of information, including tax return information, from one CPA firm to another in the course of a quality review program.


                                         J. Joseph Curran, Jr.
                                         Attorney General

                                         Jack Schwartz
                                         Chief Counsel
                                         Opinions & Advice

The regulations are set out at 26 C.F.R. §301.7216-2(o). One letter in support of the bill that enacted CJ §9-110(c) pointed out the amendment to §7216 and urged the General Assembly "to amend the state code to also permit such disclosure. This bill will accomplish that need." Letter from Daniel C. Conkling, CPA, to Delegate John S. Arnick (Feb. 7, 1990). TG §13-1019 provides as follows: "Any income tax return preparer who discloses information in violation of §13-207 of this title is guilty of a misdemeanor and, on conviction, is subject to a fine if not less than $500 or more than $10,000."